Piperazinyl norbenzomorphan compounds and methods for using the same

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein, inter alia, are piperazinyl norbenzom orphan compounds and uses thereof, including, for example, methods for treating a CNS disease, treating traumatic brain injury, improving cognition, or diagnosing and treating cancer.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/243,568 filed Oct. 19, 2015, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety and for all purposes.

REFERENCE TO A “SEQUENCE LISTING,” A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAMLISTING APPENDIX SUBMITTED AS AN ASCII FILE

The Sequence Listing written in file 48932-530001WO_ST25.TXT, createdOct. 19, 2016, 4,084 bytes, machine format IBM-PC, MS Windows operatingsystem, is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

Sigma 2 receptors are lipid raft proteins that are involved in cellproliferation and regulation of cytosolic calcium concentration andexpressed in many tissues, including those of the central nervoussystem. Sigma 2 receptors have been implicated, for example, inneurological function, cognition, cardiovascular function, substanceabuse, and cancer. Many known sigma 2 receptor ligands lack either sigmasubtype selectivity or general selectivity. It has been suggested thatsigma 2 receptors reside within the progesterone receptor membranecomponent 1. The progesterone receptor membrane component 1 is alsowidely distributed in the CNS and is involved in neuroprotection andaxonal migration. There is evidence for its role in neurologicaldisorders and cancer.

It is desirable to have new therapeutics effective for treating, forexample, diseases or conditions related to sigma 2 receptor biologicalactivities or pathways. Provided herein are solutions to these and otherproblems in the art.

SUMMARY

In an aspect is provided a compound having the formula:

Ring A is cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl. L¹ is abond or unsubstituted alkylene. L² is a bond, —SO₂—, —C(O)NH—, —NHC(O)—,—C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —SO₂CH₂—, —C(O)NHCH₂—, —NHC(O)CH₂—C(O)OCH₂—,—OC(O)CH₂—, or unsubstituted alkylene. R¹ is a hydrogen,halogen, —CX¹ ₃, —CHX¹ ₂, —CH₂X¹, —CN, —NR⁷R⁸, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)OR⁹,—C(O)NR⁷R⁸, —OR¹⁰, —OC(O)OR⁹, —OC(O)NR⁷R⁸, —OC(O)R⁹, —C(S)R⁹, —C(S)OR⁹,—C(S)NR⁷R⁸, —SR¹⁰, —OC(S)OR⁹, —OC(S) NR⁷R⁸, —OC(S)R⁹, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl. R² is independently a halogen, —CX² ₃, —CN,—OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂,—ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH,—OCX² ₃, —OCHX² ₂, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; two R²substituents bonded to adjacent atoms may optionally be joined to form asubstituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl. R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ are independentlyhydrogen, halogen, —CX₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH,—SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCX₃, —OCHX₂, substitutedor unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁷ and R⁸ substituents bonded to the samenitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaryl. z is an integer from 0 to 5. X, X^(i), and X² areindependently —Cl, —Br, —I, or —F.

In another aspect is provided a pharmaceutical composition including apharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound, orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein, includingembodiments (e.g. in an aspect, embodiment, example, figure, table, orclaim).

In an aspect is provided a method of treating a disease includingadministering an effective amount of a compound as described herein.

In an aspect is provided a method of treating cancer in a subject inneed thereof, the method including administering an effective amount ofa compound described herein.

In an aspect is provided a method to treating a neurodegenerativedisease in a subject in need thereof, the method including administeringan effective amount of a compound described herein.

In an aspect is provided a method of treating drug abuse in a subject inneed thereof, the method including administering an effective amount ofa compound described herein.

In an aspect is provided a method of treating drug addiction in asubject in need thereof, the method including administering an effectiveamount of a compound described herein.

In an aspect is provided a method of treating a psychiatric disease in asubject in need thereof, the method including administering an effectiveamount of a compound described herein.

In an aspect is provided a method of treating anxiety, depression,schizophrenia, or epilepsy in a subject in need thereof, the methodincluding administering an effective amount of a compound describedherein.

In an aspect is provided a method of treating pain in a subject in needthereof, the method including administering an effective amount of acompound described herein.

In an aspect is provided a method of treating migraine or neuropathicpain in a subject in need thereof, the method including administering aneffective amount of a compound described herein.

In an aspect is provided a method to treating an inflammatory disease ina subject in need thereof, the method including administering aneffective amount of a compound described herein.

In an aspect is provided a method to treating a cardiovascular diseasein a subject in need thereof, the method including administering aneffective amount of a compound described herein.

In an aspect is provided a method of treating amnesia, traumatic braininjury, inflammatory pain, stroke, a cardiovascular disease, multiplesclerosis, or retinal neural degeneration in a subject in need thereof,the method including administering an effective amount of a compounddescribed herein.

In an aspect is provided a method of modulating a sigma 2 receptor, themethod including contacting a sigma 2 receptor with a compound describedherein, thereby modulating the sigma 2 receptor.

In an aspect is provided a method of modulating progesterone receptormembrane component 1 (PGRMC1), the method including contacting aprogesterone receptor membrane component 1 with a compound describedherein, thereby modulating the progesterone receptor membrane component1.

In an aspect is provided a method of improving cognition in a subject,the method including administering an effective amount of a compounddescribed herein.

In an aspect is provided a method of detecting a sigma 2 receptorincluding: (a) administering to a sample a detectable compound describedherein; (b) allowing the detectable compound described herein to bind toa sigma 2 receptor within the sample, thereby forming a detectablecompound-sigma 2 receptor complex; and (c) detecting the detectablecompound-sigma 2 receptor complex in the sample.

In an aspect is provided a method of detecting a sigma 2 receptor in anindividual including: (a) administering to the individual an effectiveamount of a detectable compound described herein; (b) allowing thedetectable compound described herein to bind to a sigma 2 receptorwithin the individual thereby forming a detectable compound-sigma 2receptor complex;

and (c) detecting the detectable compound-sigma 2 receptor complex inthe individual.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 Heterocyclic scaffolds.

FIG. 2 Structure of sigma receptor binding ligands and compoundSAS-101/SAS-0132/JJ-1-166.

FIG. 3 Neurodegeneration assay including transgenic C. elegans; C.elegans SC_APP transgenic worm ehibits greater neurodegeneration thancontrol (WT), C. elegans PGRMC1/vem-1 knockout (Null) exhibits reducedneurodegeneration relative to WT, RNAi experiments show ligands act viaPGRMC1 mediated pathway; some Sig2R/PGRMC1 binding ligands increaseneurodegeneration, but others are neuroprotective; it is significantthat certain moldulators of Sig2R/PGRMC1 have neuroprotective activity.

FIG. 4 Y-Maze Behavioral Test is a behavioral test measuring willingnessof mice to explore new environments. Rodents typically prefer toinvestigate new arm of maze rather than returning to one previouslyvisited; a modulator of Sig2R/PGRMC1 enhances reference and workingmemory in WT and transgenic APP mice.

FIG. 5 Sociability and Social Discrimination Tests; Sig2R/PGRMC1modulator rescues social deficits in WT and transgenic APP mice.

FIG. 6 Sig2R/PGRMC1 modulator enhances spatial and long term memory inWT mice; Morris Water Maze Test of WT mice is a test wherein micedropped at different locations search for hidden platform (e.g. inquadrant 2); first assay: after training period platform is moved (e.g.,quadrant 4), mice are dropped at different locations to see how far miceswim before finding platform; second assay: platform is removed, miceare dropped in maze at different locations and time spent swimming inquadrant where platform was initially is measured.

FIG. 7 Sig2R/PGRMC1 modulator enhances spatial and long term memory inWT and transgenic APP mice; Morris Water Maze Test for transgenic APPmice is a test wherein mice dropped at different locations search forhidden platform (e.g. in quadrant 2); first assay: after training periodplatform is moved (e.g., quadrant 4), mice are dropped at differentlocations to see how far mice swim before finding platform; secondassay: platform is removed, mice are dropped in maze at differentlocations and time spent swimming in quadrant where platform wasinitially is measured.

FIG. 8 Effect of Sig2R/PGRMC1 modulator on excitability; Acutehippocampal brain slices were made from 4 month-old wildtype C57BL/6mice for whole-cell current clamp recordings from soma of CA1 pyramidalneurons. Action potential firing was elicited by using 500-msec longcurrent injections of increasing amplitude (50-400 pA, 50 pAincrements). Number of action potentials fired was plotted as a functionof injected current amplitude. Control experiments were performed innormal extracellular saline, and the number of action potentials firedwas measured before (baseline) and after activation of metabotropicglutamate receptors (100 μM DHPG for 5 min) (top two lines). In theSig2R/PGRMC1 modulator experiments, 10 μM SAS-1, was present throughoutthe experiment and action potential firing was measured before and afterDHPG application (bottom two lines); Sig2R/PGRMC1 antgonist reducesnumber of action potentials fired and prevents mGluR-mediated increasein excitability.

FIG. 9 Traumatic Brain Injury treatment; Barnes Maze (spatial and longterm memory) after blast; Wild-type mice (C57BL/6) were subjected toeither a Blast (brain injury) or Sham blast (no brain injury). The Blastanimals that received seven days of daily treatment with either SAS-0132(SAS-101) or DKR-1516, beginning the day after injury, performedsignificantly better in tests of spatial- and long term memory comparedto animals that received no treatment (Veh).

FIG. 10 Traumatic Brain Injury treatment; Morris Water Maze (spatial andlong term memory) after blast; Wild-type mice (C57BL/6) were subjectedto either a Blast (brain injury) or Sham blast (no brain injury). TheBlast animals that received seven days of daily treatment with eitherDKR-1516 or either enantiomer of DKR-1516, beginning the day afterinjury, performed significantly better in tests of spatial- and longterm memory compared to animals that received no treatment (Veh).

FIG. 11 Effects of Compounds on Calcium Ion Levels; In neuroblastomacells, DKR-1051 induces concentration-dependent increases inintracellular Ca2+ concentration while SAS-0132 does not inducesignificant increases in intracellular Ca2+ at concentrations up to 30μM. SAS-0132 produced concentration-dependent attenuation ofDKR-1051-induced calcium response.

FIG. 12 Effects of SAS-0132 on levels of proinflammatory cytokines;Transgenic (Thy1-APPLond/Swe+) mice that received 60 days of treatment(30 mg/kg) with SAS-0132 showed a significant reduction in brain levelsof IL-10 and reduction in brain levels of TNFα and CD14 was alsoobserved (not statistically significant).

FIG. 13 Effect of SAS-0132 on Synaptic Long Term Depression(inhibition); effect of SAS-0132 on dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG)mediated increase in long term depression (LTD). Murine hippocampalneuron slices treated with DHPG showed increased LTD; when DHPG wasadministered with SAS-0132, the DHPG-mediated increase in LTD wasblocked.

FIG. 14A-14B Effects of Compounds on Survival of Induced Motor NeuronsDerived from Humans with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Induced motorneurons (iMN) derived from humans with amyotrophic lateral sclerosiswere treated with sigma 2 ligand (3 μm) or DMSO control; percentsurvival 0-100%, time 0-8 days. After 6 days of treatment, a number ofligands, including, but not limited to, SFM-1051 and TH-4-20, increasedthe percent survival of iMN relative to DMSO treatment. FIG. 14A:enantiopure SFM1534, enantiopure SFM1535, JJS-4-227, SFM1516, SFM1501;FIG. 14B: TH-4-20, JJS-5-003, SAS-0132, SFM1500.

FIG. 15 MTT Assay in Neuroblastoma Cells; Sigma 2 receptor bindingligands were evaluated for effects in neuroblastoma cells. SAS-0132 wasnot toxic at low doses and began to demonstrate cytotoxicity around 30microM.

FIG. 16 MTT Assay in Neuroblastoma Cells; Sigma 2 receptor bindingligands were evaluated for effects in neuroblastoma cells. JJS-5-003 andTH-4-20 increased cellular metabolism of MTT and were generallynon-toxic at concentrations up to 30 microM.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION A. Definitions

The abbreviations used herein have their conventional meaning within thechemical and biological arts. The chemical structures and formulae setforth herein are constructed according to the standard rules of chemicalvalency known in the chemical arts.

Where substituent groups are specified by their conventional chemicalformulae, written from left to right, they equally encompass thechemically identical substituents that would result from writing thestructure from right to left, e.g., —CH₂O— is equivalent to —OCH₂—.

The term “alkyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means,unless otherwise stated, a straight (i.e., unbranched) or branchednon-cyclic carbon chain (or carbon), or combination thereof, which maybe fully saturated, mono- or polyunsaturated and can include di- andmultivalent radicals, having the number of carbon atoms designated(i.e., C₁-C₁₀ means one to ten carbons). Examples of saturatedhydrocarbon radicals include, but are not limited to, groups such asmethyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl,sec-butyl, (cyclohexyl)methyl, homologs and isomers of, for example,n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, and the like. An unsaturated alkylgroup is one having one or more double bonds or triple bonds. Examplesof unsaturated alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl,2-propenyl, crotyl, 2-isopentenyl, 2-(butadienyl), 2,4-pentadienyl,3-(1,4-pentadienyl), ethynyl, 1- and 3-propynyl, 3-butynyl, and thehigher homologs and isomers. An alkoxy is an alkyl attached to theremainder of the molecule via an oxygen linker (—O—). An alkyl moietymay be an alkenyl moiety. An alkyl moiety may be an alkynyl moiety. Analkyl moiety may be fully saturated. An alkenyl may include more thanone double bond and/or one or more triple bonds in addition to the oneor more double bonds. An alkynyl may include more than one triple bondand/or one or more double bonds in addition to the one or more triplebonds.

The term “alkylene,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means,unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from an alkyl, asexemplified, but not limited by, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—. Typically, an alkyl (oralkylene) group will have from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, with those groupshaving 10 or fewer carbon atoms being preferred in the presentinvention. A “lower alkyl” or “lower alkylene” is a shorter chain alkylor alkylene group, generally having eight or fewer carbon atoms. Theterm “alkenylene,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means,unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from an alkene. Theterm “alkynylene,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means,unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from an alkyne.

The term “heteroalkyl,” by itself or in combination with another term,means, unless otherwise stated, a stable straight or branched non-cyclicchain, or combinations thereof, including at least one carbon atom andat least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, P,Si, and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally beoxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized. Theheteroatom(s) O, N, P, S, and Si may be placed at any interior positionof the heteroalkyl group or at the position at which the alkyl group isattached to the remainder of the molecule. Examples include, but are notlimited to: —CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂—NH—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂—N(CH₃)—CH₃,—CH₂—S—CH₂—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂, —S(O)—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂—S(O)₂—CH₃, —CH═CH—O—CH₃,—Si(CH₃)₃, —CH₂—CH═N—OCH₃, —CH═CH—N(CH₃)—CH₃, —O—CH₃, —O—CH₂—CH₃, and—CN. Up to two or three heteroatoms may be consecutive, such as, forexample, —CH₂—NH—OCH₃ and CH₂—O—Si(CH₃)₃. A heteroalkyl moiety mayinclude one heteroatom (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heteroalkyl moietymay include two optionally different heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, orP). A heteroalkyl moiety may include three optionally differentheteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heteroalkyl moiety may includefour optionally different heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). Aheteroalkyl moiety may include five optionally different heteroatoms(e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heteroalkyl moiety may include up to 8optionally different heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). The term“heteroalkenyl,” by itself or in combination with another term, means,unless otherwise stated, a heteroalkyl including at least one doublebond. A heteroalkenyl may optionally include more than one double bondand/or one or more triple bonds in additional to the one or more doublebonds. The term “heteroalkynyl,” by itself or in combination withanother term, means, unless otherwise stated, a heteroalkyl including atleast one triple bond. A heteroalkynyl may optionally include more thanone triple bond and/or one or more double bonds in additional to the oneor more triple bonds.

Similarly, the term “heteroalkylene,” by itself or as part of anothersubstituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derivedfrom heteroalkyl, as exemplified, but not limited by,—CH₂—CH₂—S—CH₂—CH₂— and —CH₂—S—CH₂—CH₂—NH—CH₂—. For heteroalkylenegroups, heteroatoms can also occupy either or both of the chain termini(e.g., alkyleneoxy, alkylenedioxy, alkyleneamino, alkylenediamino, andthe like). Still further, for alkylene and heteroalkylene linkinggroups, no orientation of the linking group is implied by the directionin which the formula of the linking group is written. For example, theformula —C(O)₂R′— represents both —C(O)₂R′— and —R′C(O)₂—. As describedabove, heteroalkyl groups, as used herein, include those groups that areattached to the remainder of the molecule through a heteroatom, such as—C(O)R¹, —C(O)NR¹, —NR′R—OR¹, —SR¹, and/or —SO₂R′. Where “heteroalkyl”is recited, followed by recitations of specific heteroalkyl groups, suchas —NR′R″ or the like, it will be understood that the terms heteroalkyland —NR′R″ are not redundant or mutually exclusive. Rather, the specificheteroalkyl groups are recited to add clarity. Thus, the term“heteroalkyl” should not be interpreted herein as excluding specificheteroalkyl groups, such as —NR′R″ or the like.

The terms “cycloalkyl” and “heterocycloalkyl,” by themselves or incombination with other terms, mean, unless otherwise stated,non-aromatic cyclic versions of “alkyl” and “heteroalkyl,” respectively,wherein the carbons making up the ring or rings do not necessarily needto be bonded to a hydrogen due to all carbon valencies participating inbonds with non-hydrogen atoms. Additionally, for heterocycloalkyl, aheteroatom can occupy the position at which the heterocycle is attachedto the remainder of the molecule. Examples of cycloalkyl include, butare not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,1-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl,3-hydroxy-cyclobut-3-enyl-1,2, dione, 1H-1,2,4-triazolyl-5(4H)-one,4H-1,2,4-triazolyl, and the like. Examples of heterocycloalkyl include,but are not limited to, 1-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridyl), 1-piperidinyl,2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, 4-morpholinyl, 3-morpholinyl,tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, tetrahydrothien-2-yl,tetrahydrothien-3-yl, 1-piperazinyl, 2-piperazinyl, and the like. A“cycloalkylene” and a “heterocycloalkylene,” alone or as part of anothersubstituent, means a divalent radical derived from a cycloalkyl andheterocycloalkyl, respectively. A heterocycloalkyl moiety may includeone ring heteroatom (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heterocycloalkyl moietymay include two optionally different ring heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S,Si, or P). A heterocycloalkyl moiety may include three optionallydifferent ring heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heterocycloalkylmoiety may include four optionally different ring heteroatoms (e.g., O,N, S, Si, or P). A heterocycloalkyl moiety may include five optionallydifferent ring heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heterocycloalkylmoiety may include up to 8 optionally different ring heteroatoms (e.g.,O, N, S, Si, or P).

The terms “halo” or “halogen,” by themselves or as part of anothersubstituent, mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine,bromine, or iodine atom. Additionally, terms such as “haloalkyl” aremeant to include monohaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl. For example, the term“halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl” includes, but is not limited to, fluoromethyl,difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 4-chlorobutyl,3-bromopropyl, and the like.

The term “acyl” means, unless otherwise stated, —C(O)R where R is asubstituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

The term “aryl” means, unless otherwise stated, a polyunsaturated,aromatic, hydrocarbon substituent, which can be a single ring ormultiple rings (preferably from 1 to 3 rings) that are fused together(i.e., a fused ring aryl) or linked covalently. A fused ring aryl refersto multiple rings fused together wherein at least one of the fused ringsis an aryl ring. The term “heteroaryl” refers to aryl groups (or rings)that contain at least one heteroatom such as N, O, or S, wherein thenitrogen and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogenatom(s) are optionally quaternized. Thus, the term “heteroaryl” includesfused ring heteroaryl groups (i.e., multiple rings fused togetherwherein at least one of the fused rings is a heteroaromatic ring). A5,6-fused ring heteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, whereinone ring has 5 members and the other ring has 6 members, and wherein atleast one ring is a heteroaryl ring. Likewise, a 6,6-fused ringheteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 6members and the other ring has 6 members, and wherein at least one ringis a heteroaryl ring. And a 6,5-fused ring heteroarylene refers to tworings fused together, wherein one ring has 6 members and the other ringhas 5 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring. Aheteroaryl group can be attached to the remainder of the moleculethrough a carbon or heteroatom. Non-limiting examples of aryl andheteroaryl groups include phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 4-biphenyl,1-pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 2-imidazolyl,4-imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 2-phenyl-4-oxazolyl,5-oxazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl, 2-thiazolyl,4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl,2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrimidyl, 4-pyrimidyl,5-benzothiazolyl, purinyl, 2-benzimidazolyl, 5-indolyl, 1-isoquinolyl,5-isoquinolyl, 2-quinoxalinyl, 5-quinoxalinyl, 3-quinolyl, and6-quinolyl. Substituents for each of the above noted aryl and heteroarylring systems are selected from the group of acceptable substituentsdescribed below. An “arylene” and a “heteroarylene,” alone or as part ofanother substituent, mean a divalent radical derived from an aryl andheteroaryl, respectively. Non-limiting examples of aryl and heteroarylgroups include pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, thiophenyl, thienyl, furanyl,indolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxanyl, thianaphthanyl,pyrrolopyridinyl, indazolyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyridopyrazinyl,quinazolinonyl, benzoisoxazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, benzofuranyl,benzothienyl, benzothiophenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, pyrrolyl,pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl,furylthienyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, benzothiazolyl, purinyl,benzimidazolyl, isoquinolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyrrolyl,diazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl,pyrazolopyrimidinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, benzotriazolyl, benzoxazolyl,or quinolyl. The examples above may be substituted or unsubstituted anddivalent radicals of each heteroaryl example above are non-limitingexamples of heteroarylene. A heteroaryl moiety may include one ringheteroatom (e.g., O, N, or S). A heteroaryl moiety may include twooptionally different ring heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, or S). A heteroarylmoiety may include three optionally different ring heteroatoms (e.g., O,N, or S). A heteroaryl moiety may include four optionally different ringheteroatoms (e.g., O, N, or S). A heteroaryl moiety may include fiveoptionally different ring heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, or S). An aryl moietymay have a single ring. An aryl moiety may have two optionally differentrings. An aryl moiety may have three optionally different rings. An arylmoiety may have four optionally different rings. A heteroaryl moiety mayhave one ring.

A heteroaryl moiety may have two optionally different rings. Aheteroaryl moiety may have three optionally different rings. Aheteroaryl moiety may have four optionally different rings. A heteroarylmoiety may have five optionally different rings.

A fused ring heterocyloalkyl-aryl is an aryl fused to aheterocycloalkyl. A fused ring heterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl is aheteroaryl fused to a heterocycloalkyl. A fused ringheterocycloalkyl-cycloalkyl is a heterocycloalkyl fused to a cycloalkyl.A fused ring heterocycloalkyl-heterocycloalkyl is a heterocycloalkylfused to another heterocycloalkyl. Fused ring heterocycloalkyl-aryl,fused ring heterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl, fused ringheterocycloalkyl-cycloalkyl, or fused ringheterocycloalkyl-heterocycloalkyl may each independently beunsubstituted or substituted with one or more of the substitutentsdescribed herein.

The term “oxo,” as used herein, means an oxygen that is double bonded toa carbon atom.

The term “alkylsulfonyl,” as used herein, means a moiety having theformula —S(O₂)—R¹, where R′ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylgroup as defined above. R′ may have a specified number of carbons (e.g.,“C₁-C₄ alkylsulfonyl”).

Each of the above terms (e.g., “alkyl”, “heteroalkyl”, “cycloalkyl”,“heterocycloalkyl”, “aryl”, and “heteroaryl”) includes both substitutedand unsubstituted forms of the indicated radical. Preferred substituentsfor each type of radical are provided below.

Substituents for the alkyl and heteroalkyl radicals (including thosegroups often referred to as alkylene, alkenyl, heteroalkylene,heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, andheterocycloalkenyl) can be one or more of a variety of groups selectedfrom, but not limited to, —OR¹, ═O, ═NR¹, —NR′R—SR¹,-halogen,—SiR′R″R′″, —OC(O)R¹, —C(O)R¹, —CONR′R″, —OC(O)NR ‘R″, —NR″C(O)R’,—NR′—C(O)NR″R′″, —NR″C(O)₂R¹, —NR—C(NR′R″R′″)═NR′″, —NR—C(NR′R″)═NR ′″,—S(O)R¹, —S(O)₂R¹, —S(O)₂NR′R″, —NRSO₂R¹, NR′NR″R′″, ONR′R″,NR′C═(O)NR″NR′″R′″, —CN, —NO₂, in a number ranging from zero to (2m′+1),where m′ is the total number of carbon atoms in such radical. R, R′, R″,R′″, and R″″ each preferably independently refer to hydrogen,substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted aryl (e.g., aryl substituted with 1-3 halogens),substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstitutedalkyl, alkoxy, or thioalkoxy groups, or arylalkyl groups. When acompound of the invention includes more than one R group, for example,each of the R groups is independently selected as are each R′, R″, R′″,and R″″ group when more than one of these groups is present. When R′ andR″ are attached to the same nitrogen atom, they can be combined with thenitrogen atom to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring. For example,—NR′R″ includes, but is not limited to, 1-pyrrolidinyl and4-morpholinyl. From the above discussion of substituents, one of skillin the art will understand that the term “alkyl” is meant to includegroups including carbon atoms bound to groups other than hydrogengroups, such as haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃ and —CH₂CF₃) and acyl (e.g.,—C(O)CH₃, —C(O)CF₃, —C(O)CH₂OCH₃, and the like).

Similar to the substituents described for the alkyl radical,substituents for the aryl and heteroaryl groups are varied and areselected from, for example: —OR¹, —NR′R—SR¹, -halogen, —SiR′R″R′″,—OC(O)R¹, —C(O)R¹, —CONR′R″, —OC (O)NR′R″, —NR″C(O)R¹, —NR′—C(O)NR″R′″,—NR″C(O)₂R¹, —NR—C(NR′R″R′″)═NR″″, —NR—C(NR′ R″)═NR′″, —S(O)R¹,—S(O)₂R¹, —S(O)₂NR′R″, —NRSO₂R¹, NR′NR″R′″, ONR′R″, NR′C═(O)NR″NR′″R″″,—CN, —NO₂, —R¹, —N₃, —CH(Ph)₂, fluoro(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, andfluoro(C₁-C₄)alkyl, in a number ranging from zero to the total number ofopen valences on the aromatic ring system; and where R′, R″, R′″, andR″″ are preferably independently selected from hydrogen, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl. When a compound of the invention includes morethan one R group, for example, each of the R groups is independentlyselected as are each R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ groups when more than one ofthese groups is present.

Two or more substituents may optionally be joined to form aryl,heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl groups. Such so-calledring-forming substituents are typically, though not necessarily, foundattached to a cyclic base structure. In one embodiment, the ring-formingsubstituents are attached to adjacent members of the base structure. Forexample, two ring-forming substituents attached to adjacent members of acyclic base structure create a fused ring structure. In anotherembodiment, the ring-forming substituents are attached to a singlemember of the base structure. For example, two ring-forming substituentsattached to a single member of a cyclic base structure create aspirocyclic structure. In yet another embodiment, the ring-formingsubstituents are attached to non-adjacent members of the base structure.

Two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ringmay optionally form a ring of the formula -T-C(O)—(CRR′)_(q)—U—, whereinT and U are independently —NR—, —O—, —CRR′—, or a single bond, and q isan integer of from 0 to 3.

Alternatively, two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl orheteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of theformula -A-(CH₂)_(r)—B—, wherein A and B are independently —CRR′—, —O—,—NR—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR′—, or a single bond, and r is aninteger of from 1 to 4. One of the single bonds of the new ring soformed may optionally be replaced with a double bond. Alternatively, twoof the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring mayoptionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula —(CRR′)_(s)—X′—(C″R″R′″)_(d)—, where s and d are independently integers of from 0 to 3,and X′ is —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —S(O)₂NR′—. The substituents R,R′, R″, and R′″ are preferably independently selected from hydrogen,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, andsubstituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

As used herein, the terms “heteroatom” or “ring heteroatom” are meant toinclude, oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), andsilicon (Si).

A “substituent group,” as used herein, means a group selected from thefollowing moieties:

-   -   (A) oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CHF₂, —CH₂F, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH,        —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂,        —NHC—(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,        —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, —OCH₂F, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted        heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted        heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted heteroaryl,        and    -   (B) alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,        heteroaryl, substituted with at least one substituent selected        from:        -   (i) oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CHF₂, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH,            —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂,            —NHC—(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,            —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, —OCH₂F, unsubstituted alkyl,            unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl,            unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl,            unsubstituted heteroaryl, and        -   (ii) alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,            heteroaryl, substituted with at least one substituent            selected from:            -   (a) oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CHF₂, —CH₂F, —CN, —OH, —NH₂,                —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂,                —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,                —NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, —OCH₂F, unsubstituted                alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted                cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl,                unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted heteroaryl, and            -   (b) alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,                aryl, heteroaryl, substituted with at least one                substituent selected from: oxo,            -   halogen, —CF₃, —CHF₂, —CH₂F, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH,                —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂,                —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,                —NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, —OCH₂F, unsubstituted                alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted                cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl,                unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted heteroaryl.

A “size-limited substituent” or “size-limited substituent group,” asused herein, means a group selected from all of the substituentsdescribed above for a “substituent group,” wherein each substituted orunsubstituted alkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, eachsubstituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted orunsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is asubstituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, eachsubstituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstitutedC₆-C₁₀ aryl, and each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl is asubstituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl.

A “lower substituent” or “lower substituent group,” as used herein,means a group selected from all of the substituents described above fora “substituent group,” wherein each substituted or unsubstituted alkylis a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, each substituted orunsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, each substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 7membered heterocycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted aryl is asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, and each substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 9membered heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, each substituted group described in the compoundsherein is substituted with at least one substituent group. Morespecifically, in some embodiments, each substituted alkyl, substitutedheteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl,substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkylene,substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substitutedheterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and/or substitutedheteroarylene described in the compounds herein are substituted with atleast one substituent group. In other embodiments, at least one or allof these groups are substituted with at least one size-limitedsubstituent group. In other embodiments, at least one or all of thesegroups are substituted with at least one lower substituent group.

In other embodiments of the compounds herein, each substituted orunsubstituted alkyl may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl,each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted orunsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is asubstituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, eachsubstituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstitutedC₆-C₁₀ aryl, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl is asubstituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl. In someembodiments of the compounds herein, each substituted or unsubstitutedalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkylene, eachsubstituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene is a substituted orunsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkylene, each substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene isa substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkylene, eachsubstituted or unsubstituted arylene is a substituted or unsubstitutedC₆-C₁₀ arylene, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryleneis a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroarylene.

In some embodiments, each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl is asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, each substituted orunsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, each substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 7membered heterocycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted aryl is asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, and/or each substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 9membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, each substituted orunsubstituted alkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkylene,each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene is a substituted orunsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkylene, each substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₇cycloalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene isa substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 7 membered heterocycloalkylene, eachsubstituted or unsubstituted arylene is a substituted or unsubstitutedC₆-C₁₀ arylene, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryleneis a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 9 membered heteroarylene. In someembodiments, the compound is a chemical species set forth in theExamples section, figures, or tables below.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” is meant to include saltsof the active compounds that are prepared with relatively nontoxic acidsor bases, depending on the particular substituents found on thecompounds described herein. When compounds of the present inventioncontain relatively acidic functionalities, base addition salts can beobtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with asufficient amount of the desired base, either neat or in a suitableinert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable base additionsalts include sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, organic amino, ormagnesium salt, or a similar salt. When compounds of the presentinvention contain relatively basic functionalities, acid addition saltscan be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with asufficient amount of the desired acid, either neat or in a suitableinert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acid additionsalts include those derived from inorganic acids like hydrochloric,hydrobromic, nitric, carbonic, monohydrogencarbonic, phosphoric,monohydrogenphosphoric, dihydrogenphosphoric, sulfuric,monohydrogensulfuric, hydriodic, or phosphorous acids and the like, aswell as the salts derived from relatively nontoxic organic acids likeacetic, propionic, isobutyric, maleic, malonic, benzoic, succinic,suberic, fumaric, lactic, mandelic, phthalic, benzenesulfonic,p-tolylsulfonic, citric, tartaric, methanesulfonic, and the like. Alsoincluded are salts of amino acids such as arginate and the like, andsalts of organic acids like glucuronic or galactunoric acids and thelike (see, e.g., Berge et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Science 66:1-19(1977)). Certain specific compounds of the present invention containboth basic and acidic functionalities that allow the compounds to beconverted into either base or acid addition salts. Otherpharmaceutically acceptable carriers known to those of skill in the artare suitable for the present invention. Salts tend to be more soluble inaqueous or other protonic solvents than are the corresponding free baseforms. In other cases, the preparation may be a lyophilized powder in 1mM-50 mM histidine, 0.1%-2% sucrose, 2%-7% mannitol at a pH range of 4.5to 5.5, that is combined with buffer prior to use.

Thus, the compounds of the present invention may exist as salts, such aswith pharmaceutically acceptable acids. The present invention includessuch salts. Examples of such salts include hydrochlorides,hydrobromides, sulfates, methanesulfonates, nitrates, maleates,acetates, citrates, fumarates, tartrates (e.g., (+)-tartrates,(−)-tartrates, or mixtures thereof including racemic mixtures),succinates, benzoates, and salts with amino acids such as glutamic acid.These salts may be prepared by methods known to those skilled in theart.

The neutral forms of the compounds are preferably regenerated bycontacting the salt with a base or acid and isolating the parentcompound in the conventional manner. The parent form of the compounddiffers from the various salt forms in certain physical properties, suchas solubility in polar solvents.

Provided herein are agents (e.g. compounds, drugs, therapeutic agents)that may be in a prodrug form. Prodrugs of the compounds describedherein are those compounds that readily undergo chemical changes underselect physiological conditions to provide the final agents (e.g.compounds, drugs, therapeutic agents). Additionally, prodrugs can beconverted to agents (e.g. compounds, drugs, therapeutic agents) bychemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivo environment. Prodrugsdescribed herein include compounds that readily undergo chemical changesunder select physiological conditions to provide agents (e.g. compounds,drugs, therapeutic agents) to a biological system (e.g. in a subject, ina cancer cell, in the extracellular space near a cancer cell).

Certain compounds of the present invention can exist in unsolvated formsas well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, thesolvated forms are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are encompassedwithin the scope of the present invention. Certain compounds of thepresent invention may exist in multiple crystalline or amorphous forms.In general, all physical forms are equivalent for the uses contemplatedby the present invention and are intended to be within the scope of thepresent invention.

As used herein, the term “salt” refers to acid or base salts of thecompounds used in the methods of the present invention. Illustrativeexamples of acceptable salts are mineral acid (hydrochloric acid,hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, and the like) salts, organic acid(acetic acid, propionic acid, glutamic acid, citric acid and the like)salts, quaternary ammonium (methyl iodide, ethyl iodide, and the like)salts.

Certain compounds of the present invention possess asymmetric carbonatoms (optical or chiral centers) or double bonds; the enantiomers,racemates, diastereomers, tautomers, geometric isomers, stereoisometricforms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)-or (S)- or, as (D)- or (L)- for amino acids, and individual isomers areencompassed within the scope of the present invention. The compounds ofthe present invention do not include those which are known in art to betoo unstable to synthesize and/or isolate. The present invention ismeant to include compounds in racemic and optically pure forms.Optically active (R)- and (S)-, or (D)- and (L)-isomers may be preparedusing chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventionaltechniques. When the compounds described herein contain olefinic bondsor other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise,it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometricisomers.

As used herein, the term “isomers” refers to compounds having the samenumber and kind of atoms, and hence the same molecular weight, butdiffering in respect to the structural arrangement or configuration ofthe atoms.

The term “tautomer,” as used herein, refers to one of two or morestructural isomers which exist in equilibrium and which are readilyconverted from one isomeric form to another.

It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that certain compounds ofthis invention may exist in tautomeric forms, all such tautomeric formsof the compounds being within the scope of the invention.

Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant toinclude all stereochemical forms of the structure; i.e., the R and Sconfigurations for each asymmetric center. Therefore, singlestereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric and diastereomericmixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention.

Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant toinclude compounds which differ only in the presence of one or moreisotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the presentstructures except for the replacement of a hydrogen by a deuterium ortritium, or the replacement of a carbon by ¹³C- or ¹⁴C-enriched carbonare within the scope of this invention.

The compounds of the present invention may also contain unnaturalproportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of the atoms thatconstitute such compounds. For example, the compounds may beradiolabeled with radioactive isotopes, such as for example tritium(³H), iodine-125 (¹²⁵I), or carbon-14 (¹⁴C). All isotopic variations ofthe compounds of the present invention, whether radioactive or not, areencompassed within the scope of the present invention.

The symbol

denotes the point of attachment of a chemical moiety to the remainder ofa molecule or chemical formula.

The terms “a” or “an,” as used in herein means one or more. In addition,the phrase “substituted with a[n],” as used herein, means the specifiedgroup may be substituted with one or more of any or all of the namedsubstituents. For example, where a group, such as an alkyl or heteroarylgroup, is “substituted with an unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, orunsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl,” the group may contain oneor more unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyls, and/or one or more unsubstituted 2to 20 membered heteroalkyls. Moreover, where a moiety is substitutedwith an R substituent, the group may be referred to as “R-substituted.”Where a moiety is R-substituted, the moiety is substituted with at leastone R substituent and each R substituent is optionally different.

Descriptions of compounds of the present invention are limited byprinciples of chemical bonding known to those skilled in the art.Accordingly, where a group may be substituted by one or more of a numberof substituents, such substitutions are selected so as to comply withprinciples of chemical bonding and to give compounds which are notinherently unstable and/or would be known to one of ordinary skill inthe art as likely to be unstable under ambient conditions, such asaqueous, neutral, and several known physiological conditions. Forexample, a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl is attached to the remainderof the molecule via a ring heteroatom in compliance with principles ofchemical bonding known to those skilled in the art thereby avoidinginherently unstable compounds.

The terms “treating” or “treatment” refers to any indicia of success inthe treatment or amelioration of an injury, disease, pathology orcondition, including any objective or subjective parameter such asabatement; remission; diminishing of symptoms or making the injury,pathology or condition more tolerable to the patient; slowing in therate of degeneration or decline; making the final point of degenerationless debilitating; improving a patient's physical or mental well-being.The treatment or amelioration of symptoms can be based on objective orsubjective parameters; including the results of a physical examination,neuropsychiatric exams, and/or a psychiatric evaluation. For example,certain methods herein treat diseases associated with Sigma 2 receptoractivity. Certain methods described herein may treat diseases associatedwith progesterone receptor membrane component 1 activity. Certainmethods described herein may treat diseases associated with progesteronereceptor membrane component 1 activity by modulating the progesteronereceptor membrane component 1. Certain methods described herein maytreat diseases associated with Sigma 2 receptor activity by modulatingthe Sigma 2 receptor. For example, certain methods herein treat cancer.For example certain methods herein treat cancer by decreasing a symptomof cancer. Symptoms of cancer would be known or may be determined by aperson of ordinary skill in the art. For example, certain methods hereintreat a neurodegenerative disease (e.g., Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, frontotemporal dementia, oramyotrophic lateral sclerosis). For example certain methods herein treata neurodegenerative disease by decreasing a symptom of aneurodegenerative disease.

Symptoms of a neurodegenerative disease would be known or may bedetermined by a person of ordinary skill in the art. For example,certain methods herein treat drug (e.g., ethanol, nicotine, cocaine,amphetamine, methamphetamine, an opiate, or an opioid) abuse, drug(e.g., ethanol, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, anopiate, or an opioid) addiction, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia,epilepsy, migraine, neuropathic pain, amnesia, traumatic brain injury,inflammatory pain, stroke, a cardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis,or retinal neural degeneration. For example certain methods herein treatdrug (e.g., ethanol, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, anopiate, or an opioid) abuse, drug (e.g., ethanol, nicotine, cocaine,amphetamine, methamphetamine, an opiate, or an opioid) addiction,anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, migraine, neuropathicpain, amnesia, traumatic brain injury, inflammatory pain, stroke, acardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, or retinal neuraldegeneration by decreasing a symptom of drug (e.g., ethanol, nicotine,cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, an opiate, or an opioid) abuse,drug (e.g., ethanol, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, anopiate, or an opioid) addiction, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia,epilepsy, migraine, neuropathic pain, amnesia, traumatic brain injury,inflammatory pain, stroke, a cardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis,or retinal neural degeneration respectively. Symptoms of drug (e.g.,ethanol, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, an opiate, oran opioid) abuse, drug (e.g., ethanol, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine,methamphetamine, an opiate, or an opioid) addiction, anxiety,depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, migraine, neuropathic pain,amnesia, traumatic brain injury, inflammatory pain, stroke, acardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, or retinal neuraldegeneration would be known or may be determined by a person of ordinaryskill in the art. The term “treating” and conjugations thereof, includeprevention of an injury, pathology, condition, or disease.

An “effective amount” is an amount sufficient to accomplish a statedpurpose (e.g. achieve the effect for which it is administered, treat adisease, reduce enzyme activity, increase enzyme activity, reduceprotein function, reduce one or more symptoms of a disease orcondition). An example of an “effective amount” is an amount sufficientto contribute to the treatment, prevention, or reduction of a symptom orsymptoms of a disease, which could also be referred to as a“therapeutically effective amount.” A “reduction” of a symptom orsymptoms (and grammatical equivalents of this phrase) means decreasingof the severity or frequency of the symptom(s), or elimination of thesymptom(s). A “prophylactically effective amount” of a drug or prodrugis an amount of a drug or prodrug that, when administered to a subject,will have the intended prophylactic effect, e.g., preventing or delayingthe onset (or reoccurrence) of an injury, disease, pathology orcondition, or reducing the likelihood of the onset (or reoccurrence) ofan injury, disease, pathology, or condition, or their symptoms. The fullprophylactic effect does not necessarily occur by administration of onedose, and may occur only after administration of a series of doses.Thus, a prophylactically effective amount may be administered in one ormore administrations. The exact amounts will depend on the purpose ofthe treatment, and will be ascertainable by one skilled in the art usingknown techniques (see, e.g., Lieberman, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms(vols. 1-3, 1992); Lloyd, The Art, Science and Technology ofPharmaceutical Compounding (1999); Pickar, Dosage Calculations (1999);and Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Edition, 2003,Gennaro, Ed., Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins). In embodiments, aneffective amount is an amount of a compound effective for improvingcognition (e.g., learning, understanding, comprehension) in a subject.In embodiments, an effective amount is an amount of a compound effectivefor increasing cognition (e.g., learning, understanding, comprehension)in a subject. In embodiments, an effective amount is an amount of acompound effective for enhancing cognition (e.g., learning,understanding, comprehension) in a subject.

The term “associated” or “associated with” in the context of a substanceor substance activity or function associated with a disease (e.g.cancer) means that the disease is caused by (in whole or in part), or asymptom of the disease is caused by (in whole or in part) the substanceor substance activity or function. As used herein, what is described asbeing associated with a disease, if a causative agent, could be a targetfor treatment of the disease. For example, a disease associated withSigma 2 receptor activity may be treated with an agent (e.g. compound asdescribed herein) effective for modulating Sigma 2 receptor activity.For example, a disease associated with progesterone receptor membranecomponent lactivity may be treated with an agent (e.g. compound asdescribed herein) effective for modulating progesterone receptormembrane component 1 activity.

“Control” or “control experiment” or “standard control” is used inaccordance with its plain ordinary meaning and refers to an experimentin which the subjects or reagents of the experiment are treated as in aparallel experiment except for omission of a procedure, reagent, orvariable of the experiment. In some instances, the control is used as astandard of comparison in evaluating experimental effects.

“Contacting” is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning andrefers to the process of allowing at least two distinct species (e.g.chemical compounds including biomolecules, or cells) to becomesufficiently proximal to react, interact or physically touch. It shouldbe appreciated, however, that the resulting reaction product can beproduced directly from a reaction between the added reagents or from anintermediate from one or more of the added reagents which can beproduced in the reaction mixture. The term “contacting” may includeallowing two species to react, interact, or physically touch, whereinthe two species may be a compound as described herein and a protein orenzyme. In some embodiments contacting includes allowing a compounddescribed herein to interact with a protein or enzyme (e.g., sigma 2receptor, or progesterone receptor membrane component 1).

As defined herein, the term “inhibition”, “inhibit”, “inhibiting” andthe like in reference to a protein-inhibitor (e.g. antagonist)interaction means negatively affecting (e.g. decreasing) the level ofactivity or function of the protein relative to the level of activity orfunction of the protein in the absence of the inhibitor. In someembodiments inhibition refers to reduction of a disease or symptoms ofdisease. Thus, inhibition may include, at least in part, partially ortotally blocking stimulation, decreasing, preventing, or delayingactivation, or inactivating, desensitizing, or down-regulating signaltransduction or enzymatic activity or the amount of a protein.

As defined herein, the term “activation”, “activate”, “activating” andthe like in reference to a protein-activator (e.g. agonist) interactionmeans positively affecting (e.g. increasing) the activity or function ofthe protein relative to the activity or function of the protein in theabsence of the activator (e.g. compound described herein). Thus,activation may include, at least in part, partially or totallyincreasing stimulation, increasing or enabling activation, oractivating, sensitizing, or up-regulating signal transduction orenzymatic activity or the amount of a protein decreased in a disease.Activation may include, at least in part, partially or totallyincreasing stimulation, increasing or enabling activation, oractivating, sensitizing, or up-regulating signal transduction orenzymatic activity or the amount of a protein.

The term “modulator” refers to a composition that increases or decreasesthe level of a target molecule or the function of a target molecule(e.g., sigma 2 receptor, or progesterone receptor membrane component 1).In embodiments, a modulator is an inhibitor (e.g., of sigma 2 receptor,or progesterone receptor membrane component 1). In embodiments, amodulator is an antagonist (e.g., of sigma 2 receptor, or progesteronereceptor membrane component 1). In embodiments, a modulator is anactivator (e.g., of sigma 2 receptor, or progesterone receptor membranecomponent 1). In embodiments, a modulator is an agonist (e.g., of sigma2 receptor, or progesterone receptor membrane component 1).

“Anti-cancer agent” or “anti-cancer drug” is used in accordance with itsplain ordinary meaning and refers to a composition (e.g. compound, drug,antagonist, inhibitor, modulator) having antineoplastic properties orthe ability to inhibit the growth or proliferation of cells. In someembodiments, an anti-cancer agent is a chemotherapeutic. In someembodiments, an anti-cancer agent is an agent approved by the FDA orsimilar regulatory agency of a country other than the USA, for treatingcancer. Examples of anti-cancer agents include, but are not limited to,anti-androgens (e.g., Casodex, Flutamide, MDV3100, or ARN-509), MEK(e.g. MEK1, MEK2, or MEK1 and MEK2) inhibitors (e.g. XL518, CI-1040,PD035901, selumetinib/AZD6244, GSK1120212/trametinib, GDC-0973,ARRY-162, ARRY-300, AZD8330, PD0325901, U0126, PD98059, TAK-733,PD318088, AS703026, BAY 869766), alkylating agents (e.g.,cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, chlorambucil, busulfan, melphalan,mechlorethamine, uramustine, thiotepa, nitrosoureas, nitrogen mustards(e.g., mechloroethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, meiphalan),ethylenimine and methylmelamines (e.g., hexamethlymelamine, thiotepa),alkyl sulfonates (e.g., busulfan), nitrosoureas (e.g., carmustine,lomusitne, semustine, streptozocin), triazenes (decarbazine)),anti-metabolites (e.g., 5-azathioprine, leucovorin, capecitabine,fludarabine, gemcitabine, pemetrexed, raltitrexed, folic acid analog(e.g., methotrexate), pyrimidine analogs (e.g., fluorouracil,floxouridine, Cytarabine), purine analogs (e.g., mercaptopurine,thioguanine, pentostatin), etc.), plant alkaloids (e.g., vincristine,vinblastine, vinorelbine, vindesine, podophyllotoxin, paclitaxel,docetaxel, etc.), topoisomerase inhibitors (e.g., irinotecan, topotecan,amsacrine, etoposide (VP16), etoposide phosphate, teniposide, etc.),antitumor antibiotics (e.g., doxorubicin, adriamycin, daunorubicin,epirubicin, actinomycin, bleomycin, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, plicamycin,etc.), platinum-based compounds (e.g. cisplatin, oxaloplatin,carboplatin), anthracenedione (e.g., mitoxantrone), substituted urea(e.g., hydroxyurea), methyl hydrazine derivative (e.g., procarbazine),adrenocortical suppressant (e.g., mitotane, aminoglutethimide),epipodophyllotoxins (e.g., etoposide), antibiotics (e.g., daunorubicin,doxorubicin, bleomycin), enzymes (e.g., L-asparaginase), inhibitors ofmitogen-activated protein kinase signaling (e.g. U0126, PD98059,PD184352, PD0325901, ARRY-142886, SB239063, SP600125, BAY 43-9006,wortmannin, or LY294002), mTOR inhibitors, antibodies (e.g., rituxan),5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, doxorubicin, vincristine, etoposide,gemcitabine, imatinib (Gleevec®), geldanamycin,17-N-Allylamino-17-Demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), bortezomib,trastuzumab, anastrozole; angiogenesis inhibitors; antiandrogen,antiestrogen; antisense oligonucleotides; apoptosis gene modulators;apoptosis regulators; arginine deaminase; BCR/ABL antagonists; betalactam derivatives; bFGF inhibitor; bicalutamide; camptothecinderivatives; casein kinase inhibitors (ICOS); clomifene analogues;cytarabine dacliximab; dexamethasone; estrogen agonists; estrogenantagonists; etanidazole; etoposide phosphate; exemestane; fadrozole;finasteride; fludarabine; fluorodaunorunicin hydrochloride; gadoliniumtexaphyrin; gallium nitrate; gelatinase inhibitors; gemcitabine;glutathione inhibitors; hepsulfam; immunostimulant peptides;insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibitor; interferon agonists;interferons; interleukins; letrozole; leukemia inhibiting factor;leukocyte alpha interferon; leuprolide+estrogen+progesterone;leuprorelin; matrilysin inhibitors; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors;MIF inhibitor; mifepristone; mismatched double stranded RNA; monoclonalantibody; mycobacterial cell wall extract; nitric oxide modulators;oxaliplatin; panomifene; pentrozole; phosphatase inhibitors; plasminogenactivator inhibitor; platinum complex; platinum compounds; prednisone;proteasome inhibitors; protein A-based immune modulator; protein kinaseC inhibitor; protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors; purine nucleosidephosphorylase inhibitors; ras farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors;ras inhibitors; ras-GAP inhibitor; ribozymes; signal transductioninhibitors; signal transduction modulators; single chain antigen-bindingprotein; stem cell inhibitor; stem-cell division inhibitors; stromelysininhibitors; synthetic glycosaminoglycans; tamoxifen methiodide;telomerase inhibitors; thyroid stimulating hormone; translationinhibitors; tyrosine kinase inhibitors; urokinase receptor antagonists;steroids (e.g., dexamethasone), finasteride, aromatase inhibitors,gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRH) such as goserelin orleuprolide, adrenocorticosteroids (e.g., prednisone), progestins (e.g.,hydroxyprogesterone caproate, megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesteroneacetate), estrogens (e.g., diethlystilbestrol, ethinyl estradiol),antiestrogen (e.g., tamoxifen), androgens (e.g., testosteronepropionate, fluoxymesterone), antiandrogen (e.g., flutamide),immunostimulants (e.g., Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), levamisole,interleukin-2, alpha-interferon, etc.), monoclonal antibodies (e.g.,anti-CD20, anti-HER2, anti-CD52, anti-HLA-DR, and anti-VEGF monoclonalantibodies), immunotoxins (e.g., anti-CD33 monoclonalantibody-calicheamicin conjugate, anti-CD22 monoclonalantibody-pseudomonas exotoxin conjugate, etc.), radioimmunotherapy(e.g., anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody conjugated to ¹¹¹In, ⁹⁰Y, or ¹³¹I,etc.), triptolide, homoharringtonine, dactinomycin, doxorubicin,epirubicin, topotecan, itraconazole, vindesine, cerivastatin,vincristine, deoxyadenosine, sertraline, pitavastatin, irinotecan,clofazimine, 5-nonyloxytryptamine, vemurafenib, dabrafenib, erlotinib,gefitinib, EGFR inhibitors, epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)-targeted therapy or therapeutic (e.g. gefitinib (Iressa™),erlotinib (Tarceva™), cetuximab (Erbitux™), lapatinib (Tykerb™),panitumumab (Vectibix™) vandetanib (Caprelsa™), afatinib/BIBW2992,CI-1033/canertinib, neratinib/HKI-272, CP-724714, TAK-285, AST-1306,ARRY334543, ARRY-380, AG-1478, dacomitinib/PF299804, OSI-420/desmethylerlotinib, AZD8931, AEE788, pelitinib/EKB-569, CUDC-101, WZ8040, WZ4002,WZ3146, AG-490, XL647, PD153035, BMS-599626), sorafenib, imatinib,sunitinib, dasatinib, pyrrolo benzodiazepines (e.g. tomaymycin),carboplatin, CC-1065 and CC-1065 analogs including amino-CBIs, nitrogenmustards (such as chlorambucil and melphalan), dolastatin and dolastatinanalogs (including auristatins: eg. monomethyl auristatin E),anthracycline antibiotics (such as doxorubicin, daunorubicin, etc.),duocarmycins and duocarmycin analogs, enediynes (such asneocarzinostatin and calicheamicins), leptomycin derivaties,maytansinoids and maytansinoid analogs (e.g. mertansine), methotrexate,mitomycin C, taxoids, vinca alkaloids (such as vinblastine andvincristine), epothilones (e.g. epothilone B), camptothecin and itsclinical analogs topotecan and irinotecan, or the like.

“Chemotherapeutic” or “chemotherapeutic agent” is used in accordancewith its plain ordinary meaning and refers to a chemical composition orcompound having antineoplastic properties or the ability to inhibit thegrowth or proliferation of cells.

“Patient” or “subject in need thereof” or “subject” refers to a livingorganism suffering from or prone to a disease or condition that can betreated by administration of a compound or pharmaceutical composition orby a method, as provided herein. Non-limiting examples include humans,other mammals, bovines, rats, mice, dogs, monkeys, goat, sheep, cows,deer, and other non-mammalian animals. In some embodiments, a patient ishuman. In some embodiments, a subject is human.

“Disease” or “condition” refer to a state of being or health status of apatient or subject capable of being treated with a compound,pharmaceutical composition, or method provided herein. In someembodiments, the disease is a disease having the symptom of cellhyperproliferation. In some embodiments, the disease is a cancer. Insome further instances, “cancer” refers to human cancers and carcinomas,sarcomas, adenocarcinomas, lymphomas, leukemias, etc., including solidand lymphoid cancers, kidney, breast, lung, bladder, colon, ovarian,prostate, pancreas, stomach, brain, head and neck, skin, uterine,testicular, glioma, esophagus, and liver cancer, includinghepatocarcinoma, lymphoma, including B-acute lymphoblastic lymphoma,non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (e.g., Burkitt's, Small Cell, and Large Celllymphomas), Hodgkin's lymphoma, leukemia (including AML, ALL, andCIVIL), or multiple myeloma. In embodiments, the disease is cancer, aneurodegenerative disease, drug (e.g., ethanol, nicotine, cocaine,amphetamine, methamphetamine, an opiate, or an opioid) abuse, drug(e.g., ethanol, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, anopiate, or an opioid) addiction, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia,epilepsy, migraine, neuropathic pain, amnesia, traumatic brain injury,inflammatory pain, stroke, a cardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis,or retinal neural degeneration. For example certain methods herein treatdrug (e.g., ethanol, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, anopiate, or an opioid) abuse, drug (e.g., ethanol, nicotine, cocaine,amphetamine, methamphetamine, an opiate, or an opioid) addiction,anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, migraine, neuropathicpain, amnesia, traumatic brain injury, inflammatory pain, stroke, acardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, retinal neural degeneration,or an inflammatory disease. In embodiments the disease is pain (e.g.,acute pain, inflammatory pain, acute inflammatory pain, chronicinflammatory pain, or neuropathic pain). In embodiments the disease is apsychiatric disease (e.g., anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy,migraine, neuropathic pain, amnesia, traumatic brain injury, drugaddiction, or drug abuse).

As used herein, the term “cancer” refers to all types of cancer,neoplasm or malignant tumors found in mammals (e.g. humans), includingleukemia, carcinomas and sarcomas. Exemplary cancers that may be treatedwith a compound or method provided herein include cancer of theprostate, thyroid, endocrine system, brain, breast, cervix, colon, head& neck, liver, kidney, lung, non-small cell lung, melanoma,mesothelioma, ovary, sarcoma, stomach, uterus, Medulloblastoma,colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer. Additional examples may include,Hodgkin's Disease, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, multiple myeloma,neuroblastoma, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, ovarian cancer,rhabdomyosarcoma, primary thrombocytosis, primary macroglobulinemia,primary brain tumors, cancer, malignant pancreatic insulanoma, malignantcarcinoid, urinary bladder cancer, premalignant skin lesions, testicularcancer, lymphomas, thyroid cancer, neuroblastoma, esophageal cancer,genitourinary tract cancer, malignant hypercalcemia, endometrial cancer,adrenal cortical cancer, neoplasms of the endocrine or exocrinepancreas, medullary thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid carcinoma,melanoma, colorectal cancer, papillary thyroid cancer, hepatocellularcarcinoma, or prostate cancer.

The term “leukemia” refers broadly to progressive, malignant diseases ofthe blood-forming organs and is generally characterized by a distortedproliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in theblood and bone marrow. Leukemia is generally clinically classified onthe basis of (1) the duration and character of the disease-acute orchronic; (2) the type of cell involved; myeloid (myelogenous), lymphoid(lymphogenous), or monocytic; and (3) the increase or non-increase inthe number abnormal cells in the blood-leukemic or aleukemic(subleukemic). Exemplary leukemias that may be treated with a compoundor method provided herein include, for example, acute nonlymphocyticleukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute granulocytic leukemia,chronic granulocytic leukemia, acute promyelocytic leukemia, adultT-cell leukemia, aleukemic leukemia, a leukocythemic leukemia,basophylic leukemia, blast cell leukemia, bovine leukemia, chronicmyelocytic leukemia, leukemia cutis, embryonal leukemia, eosinophilicleukemia, Gross' leukemia, hairy-cell leukemia, hemoblastic leukemia,hemocytoblastic leukemia, histiocytic leukemia, stem cell leukemia,acute monocytic leukemia, leukopenic leukemia, lymphatic leukemia,lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphocytic leukemia, lymphogenous leukemia,lymphoid leukemia, lymphosarcoma cell leukemia, mast cell leukemia,megakaryocytic leukemia, micromyeloblastic leukemia, monocytic leukemia,myeloblastic leukemia, myelocytic leukemia, myeloid granulocyticleukemia, myelomonocytic leukemia, Naegeli leukemia, plasma cellleukemia, multiple myeloma, plasmacytic leukemia, promyelocyticleukemia, Rieder cell leukemia, Schilling's leukemia, stem cellleukemia, subleukemic leukemia, or undifferentiated cell leukemia.

The term “sarcoma” generally refers to a tumor which is made up of asubstance like the embryonic connective tissue and is generally composedof closely packed cells embedded in a fibrillar or homogeneoussubstance. Sarcomas that may be treated with a compound or methodprovided herein include a chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, lymphosarcoma,melanosarcoma, myxosarcoma, osteosarcoma, Abemethy's sarcoma, adiposesarcoma, liposarcoma, alveolar soft part sarcoma, ameloblastic sarcoma,botryoid sarcoma, chloroma sarcoma, chorio carcinoma, embryonal sarcoma,Wilms' tumor sarcoma, endometrial sarcoma, stromal sarcoma, Ewing'ssarcoma, fascial sarcoma, fibroblastic sarcoma, giant cell sarcoma,granulocytic sarcoma, Hodgkin's sarcoma, idiopathic multiple pigmentedhemorrhagic sarcoma, immunoblastic sarcoma of B cells, lymphoma,immunoblastic sarcoma of T-cells, Jensen's sarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma,Kupffer cell sarcoma, angiosarcoma, leukosarcoma, malignant mesenchymomasarcoma, parosteal sarcoma, reticulocytic sarcoma, Rous sarcoma,serocystic sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, or telangiectaltic sarcoma.

The term “melanoma” is taken to mean a tumor arising from themelanocytic system of the skin and other organs. Melanomas that may betreated with a compound or method provided herein include, for example,acral-lentiginous melanoma, amelanotic melanoma, benign juvenilemelanoma, Cloudman's melanoma, S91 melanoma, Harding-Passey melanoma,juvenile melanoma, lentigo maligna melanoma, malignant melanoma, nodularmelanoma, subungal melanoma, or superficial spreading melanoma.

The term “carcinoma” refers to a malignant new growth made up ofepithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and giverise to metastases. Exemplary carcinomas that may be treated with acompound or method provided herein include, for example, medullarythyroid carcinoma, familial medullary thyroid carcinoma, acinarcarcinoma, acinous carcinoma, adenocystic carcinoma, adenoid cysticcarcinoma, carcinoma adenomatosum, carcinoma of adrenal cortex, alveolarcarcinoma, alveolar cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, carcinomabasocellulare, basaloid carcinoma, basosquamous cell carcinoma,bronchioalveolar carcinoma, bronchiolar carcinoma, bronchogeniccarcinoma, cerebriform carcinoma, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chorioniccarcinoma, colloid carcinoma, comedo carcinoma, corpus carcinoma,cribriform carcinoma, carcinoma en cuirasse, carcinoma cutaneum,cylindrical carcinoma, cylindrical cell carcinoma, duct carcinoma,carcinoma durum, embryonal carcinoma, encephaloid carcinoma, epiermoidcarcinoma, carcinoma epitheliale adenoides, exophytic carcinoma,carcinoma ex ulcere, carcinoma fibrosum, gelatiniforni carcinoma,gelatinous carcinoma, giant cell carcinoma, carcinoma gigantocellulare,glandular carcinoma, granulosa cell carcinoma, hair-matrix carcinoma,hematoid carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, Hurthle cell carcinoma,hyaline carcinoma, hypernephroid carcinoma, infantile embryonalcarcinoma, carcinoma in situ, intraepidermal carcinoma, intraepithelialcarcinoma, Krompecher's carcinoma, Kulchitzky-cell carcinoma, large-cellcarcinoma, lenticular carcinoma, carcinoma lenticulare, lipomatouscarcinoma, lymphoepithelial carcinoma, carcinoma medullare, medullarycarcinoma, melanotic carcinoma, carcinoma molle, mucinous carcinoma,carcinoma muciparum, carcinoma mucocellulare, mucoepidermoid carcinoma,carcinoma mucosum, mucous carcinoma, carcinoma myxomatodes,nasopharyngeal carcinoma, oat cell carcinoma, carcinoma ossificans,osteoid carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, periportal carcinoma,preinvasive carcinoma, prickle cell carcinoma, pultaceous carcinoma,renal cell carcinoma of kidney, reserve cell carcinoma, carcinomasarcomatodes, schneiderian carcinoma, scirrhous carcinoma, carcinomascroti, signet-ring cell carcinoma, carcinoma simplex, small-cellcarcinoma, solanoid carcinoma, spheroidal cell carcinoma, spindle cellcarcinoma, carcinoma spongiosum, squamous carcinoma, squamous cellcarcinoma, string carcinoma, carcinoma telangiectaticum, carcinomatelangiectodes, transitional cell carcinoma, carcinoma tuberosum,tuberous carcinoma, verrucous carcinoma, or carcinoma villosum.

As used herein, the term “neurodegenerative disease” refers to a diseaseor condition in which the function of a subject's nervous system becomesimpaired. Examples of neurodegenerative diseases that may be treatedwith a compound, pharmaceutical composition, or method described hereininclude Alexander's disease, Alper's disease, Alzheimer's disease,Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Ataxia telangiectasia, Batten disease(also known as Spielmeyer-Vogt-Sjogren-Batten disease), Bovinespongiform encephalopathy (BSE), Canavan disease, Cockayne syndrome,Corticobasal degeneration, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, frontotemporaldementia, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome, Huntington's disease,HIV-associated dementia, Kennedy's disease, Krabbe's disease, kuru, Lewybody dementia, Machado-Joseph disease (Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3),Multiple sclerosis, Multiple System Atrophy, Narcolepsy,Neuroborreliosis, Parkinson's disease, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease,Pick's disease, Primary lateral sclerosis, Prion diseases, Refsum'sdisease, Sandhoff s disease, Schilder's disease, Subacute combineddegeneration of spinal cord secondary to Pernicious Anaemia,Schizophrenia, Spinocerebellar ataxia (multiple types with varyingcharacteristics), Spinal muscular atrophy, Steele-Richardson-Olszewskidisease, progressive supranuclear palsy, or Tabes dorsalis.

As used herein, the term “inflammatory disease” refers to a disease orcondition characterized by aberrant inflammation (e.g. an increasedlevel of inflammation compared to a control such as a healthy person notsuffering from a disease). Examples of inflammatory diseases includepostoperative cognitive dysfunction, traumatic brain injury, arthritis,rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile idiopathicarthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),myasthenia gravis, juvenile onset diabetes, diabetes mellitus type 1,Guillain-Barre syndrome, Hashimoto's encephalitis, Hashimoto'sthyroiditis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, Sjogren's syndrome,vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, auto-immune thyroiditis, Behcet'sdisease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, bullous pemphigoid,sarcoidosis, ichthyosis, Graves ophthalmopathy, inflammatory boweldisease, Addison's disease, Vitiligo, asthma, allergic asthma, acnevulgaris, celiac disease, chronic prostatitis, inflammatory boweldisease, pelvic inflammatory disease, reperfusion injury, sarcoidosis,transplant rejection, interstitial cystitis, atherosclerosis, and atopicdermatitis. Proteins associated with inflammation and inflammatorydiseases (e.g. aberrant expression being a symptom or cause or marker ofthe disease) include interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8),interleukin-18 (IL-18), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), C-reactiveprotein (CRP), and inflammatory pain.

As used herein, the term “cardiovascular disease” refers to a disease orcondition in which the function of a subject's cardiovascular systembecomes impaired. Examples of cardiovascular diseases that may betreated with a compound, pharmaceutical composition, or method describedherein include congestive heart failure; arrhythmogenic syndromes (e.g.,paroxysomal tachycardia, delayed after depolarizations, ventriculartachycardia, sudden tachycardia, exercise-induced arrhythmias, long QTsyndromes, or bidirectional tachycardia); thromboembolic disorders(e.g., arterial cardiovascular thromboembolic disorders, venouscardiovascular thromboembolic disorders, or thromboembolic disorders inthe chambers of the heart); atherosclerosis; restenosis; peripheralarterial disease; coronary bypass grafting surgery; carotid arterydisease; arteritis; myocarditis; cardiovascular inflammation; vascularinflammation; coronary heart disease (CHD); unstable angina (UA);unstable refractory angina; stable angina (SA); chronic stable angina;acute coronary syndrome (ACS); myocardial infarction (first orrecurrent); acute myocardial infarction (AMI); myocardial infarction;non-Q wave myocardial infarction; non-STE myocardial infarction;coronary artery disease; ischemic heart disease; cardiac ischemia;ischemia; ischemic sudden death; transient ischemic attack; stroke;peripheral occlusive arterial disease; venous thrombosis; deep veinthrombosis; thrombophlebitis; arterial embolism; coronary arterialthrombosis; cerebral arterial thrombosis, cerebral embolism; kidneyembolism; pulmonary embolism; thrombosis (e.g., associated withprosthetic valves or other implants, indwelling catheters, stents,cardiopulmonary bypass, hemodialysis); thrombosis (e.g., associated withatherosclerosis, surgery, prolonged immobilization, arterialfibrillation, congenital thrombophilia, cancer, diabetes, hormones, orpregnancy); or cardiac arrhythmias (e.g., supraventricular arrhythmias,atrial arrhythmias, atrial flutter, or atrial fibrillation).

As used herein, the term “psychiatric disease” refers to a disease orcondition in which the mental or brain function of a subject becomesimpaired. Examples of psychiatric diseases that may be treated with acompound, pharmaceutical composition, or method described herein includedepression, major depression, chronic depression, atypical depression,bipolar depression, seasonal depression, anxiety, compulsive behavior,addiction, post-traumatic stress syndrome, major psychotic depression,stress disorders, cognitive impairment in depressed patients, chronicpain, postpartum psychosis, postpartum depression, neurologicaldisorders in premature infants, migraine headaches, or psychoticdepression.

The term “signaling pathway” as used herein refers to a series ofinteractions between cellular and optionally extra-cellular components(e.g. proteins, nucleic acids, small molecules, ions, lipids) thatconveys a change in one component to one or more other components, whichin turn may convey a change to additional components, which isoptionally propagated to other signaling pathway components.

The term “aberrant” as used herein refers to different from normal. Whenused to describe enzymatic activity, aberrant refers to activity that isgreater or less than a normal control or the average of normalnon-diseased control samples. Aberrant activity may refer to an amountof activity that results in a disease, wherein returning the aberrantactivity to a normal or non-disease-associated amount (e.g. byadministering a compound or using a method as described herein), resultsin reduction of the disease or one or more disease symptoms.

“Nucleic acid” or “oligonucleotide” or “polynucleotide” or grammaticalequivalents used herein means at least two nucleotides covalently linkedtogether. The term “nucleic acid” includes single-, double-, ormultiple-stranded DNA, RNA and analogs (derivatives) thereof.Oligonucleotides are typically from about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 25,30, 40, 50 or more nucleotides in length, up to about 100 nucleotides inlength. Nucleic acids and polynucleotides are a polymers of any length,including longer lengths, e.g., 200, 300, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000,7000, 10,000, etc. Nucleic acids containing one or more carbocyclicsugars are also included within one definition of nucleic acids.

A particular nucleic acid sequence also encompasses “splice variants.”Similarly, a particular protein encoded by a nucleic acid encompassesany protein encoded by a splice variant of that nucleic acid. “Splicevariants,” as the name suggests, are products of alternative splicing ofa gene. After transcription, an initial nucleic acid transcript may bespliced such that different (alternate) nucleic acid splice productsencode different polypeptides. Mechanisms for the production of splicevariants vary, but include alternate splicing of exons. Alternatepolypeptides derived from the same nucleic acid by read-throughtranscription are also encompassed by this definition. Any products of asplicing reaction, including recombinant forms of the splice products,are included in this definition.

“Polypeptide,” “peptide,” and “protein” are used herein interchangeablyand mean any peptide-linked chain of amino acids, regardless of lengthor post-translational modification. As noted below, the polypeptidesdescribed herein can be, e.g., wild-type proteins, biologically-activefragments of the wild-type proteins, or variants of the wild-typeproteins or fragments. Variants, in accordance with the disclosure, cancontain amino acid substitutions, deletions, or insertions. Thesubstitutions can be conservative or non-conservative.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” and “pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier” refer to a substance that aids the administration of an activeagent to and absorption by a subject and can be included in thecompositions of the present invention without causing a significantadverse toxicological effect on the patient. Non-limiting examples ofpharmaceutically acceptable excipients include water, NaCl, normalsaline solutions, lactated Ringer's, normal sucrose, normal glucose,binders, fillers, disintegrants, lubricants, coatings, sweeteners,flavors, salt solutions (such as Ringer's solution), alcohols, oils,gelatins, carbohydrates such as lactose, amylose or starch, fatty acidesters, hydroxymethycellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidine, and colors, andthe like. Such preparations can be sterilized and, if desired, mixedwith auxiliary agents such as lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers,wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure,buffers, coloring, and/or aromatic substances and the like that do notdeleteriously react with the compounds of the invention. One of skill inthe art will recognize that other pharmaceutical excipients are usefulin the present invention.

The term “preparation” is intended to include the formulation of theactive compound with encapsulating material as a carrier providing acapsule in which the active component with or without other carriers, issurrounded by a carrier, which is thus in association with it.Similarly, cachets and lozenges are included. Tablets, powders,capsules, pills, cachets, and lozenges can be used as solid dosage formssuitable for oral administration.

As used herein, the term “administering” means oral administration,administration as a suppository, topical contact, intravenous,parenteral, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intralesional, intrathecal,intracranial, intranasal or subcutaneous administration, or theimplantation of a slow-release device, e.g., a mini-osmotic pump, to asubject. Administration is by any route, including parenteral andtransmucosal (e.g., buccal, sublingual, palatal, gingival, nasal,vaginal, rectal, or transdermal). Parenteral administration includes,e.g., intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arteriole, intradermal,subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intraventricular, and intracranial. Othermodes of delivery include, but are not limited to, the use of liposomalformulations, intravenous infusion, transdermal patches, etc. By“co-administer” it is meant that a composition described herein isadministered at the same time, just prior to, or just after theadministration of one or more additional therapies (e.g. anti-canceragent). The compound of the invention can be administered alone or canbe coadministered to the patient. Coadministration is meant to includesimultaneous or sequential administration of the compound individuallyor in combination (more than one compound or agent). Thus, thepreparations can also be combined, when desired, with other activesubstances (e.g. to reduce metabolic degradation, to increasedegradation of a prodrug and release of the drug, detectable agent). Thecompositions of the present invention can be delivered by transdermally,by a topical route, formulated as applicator sticks, solutions,suspensions, emulsions, gels, creams, ointments, pastes, jellies,paints, powders, and aerosols. Oral preparations include tablets, pills,powder, dragees, capsules, liquids, lozenges, cachets, gels, syrups,slurries, suspensions, etc., suitable for ingestion by the patient.Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules,cachets, suppositories, and dispersible granules. Liquid formpreparations include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions, for example,water or water/propylene glycol solutions. The compositions of thepresent invention may additionally include components to providesustained release and/or comfort. Such components include high molecularweight, anionic mucomimetic polymers, gelling polysaccharides andfinely-divided drug carrier substrates. These components are discussedin greater detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,911,920; 5,403,841; 5,212,162; and4,861,760. The entire contents of these patents are incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety for all purposes. The compositions of thepresent invention can also be delivered as microspheres for slow releasein the body. For example, microspheres can be administered viaintradermal injection of drug-containing microspheres, which slowlyrelease subcutaneously (see Rao, J. Biomater Sci. Polym. Ed. 7:623-645,1995; as biodegradable and injectable gel formulations (see, e.g., GaoPharm. Res. 12:857-863, 1995); or, as microspheres for oraladministration (see, e.g., Eyles, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 49:669-674,1997). In another embodiment, the formulations of the compositions ofthe present invention can be delivered by the use of liposomes whichfuse with the cellular membrane or are endocytosed, i.e., by employingreceptor ligands attached to the liposome, that bind to surface membraneprotein receptors of the cell resulting in endocytosis. By usingliposomes, particularly where the liposome surface carries receptorligands specific for target cells, or are otherwise preferentiallydirected to a specific organ, one can focus the delivery of thecompositions of the present invention into the target cells in vivo.(See, e.g., Al-Muhammed, J. Microencapsul. 13:293-306, 1996; Chonn,Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 6:698-708, 1995; Ostro, Am. J. Hosp. Pharm.46:1576-1587, 1989). The compositions of the present invention can alsobe delivered as nanoparticles.

Pharmaceutical compositions provided by the present invention includecompositions wherein the active ingredient (e.g. compounds describedherein, including embodiments or examples) is contained in atherapeutically effective amount, i.e., in an amount effective toachieve its intended purpose. The actual amount effective for aparticular application will depend, inter alia, on the condition beingtreated. When administered in methods to treat a disease, suchcompositions will contain an amount of active ingredient effective toachieve the desired result, e.g., reducing, eliminating, or slowing theprogression of disease symptoms (e.g. symptoms of a disease associatedwith aberrant sigma 2 receptor activity or PGRMC1 activity).Determination of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of theinvention is well within the capabilities of those skilled in the art,especially in light of the detailed disclosure herein.

The dosage and frequency (single or multiple doses) administered to amammal can vary depending upon a variety of factors, for example,whether the mammal suffers from another disease, and its route ofadministration; size, age, sex, health, body weight, body mass index,and diet of the recipient; nature and extent of symptoms of the diseasebeing treated (e.g. symptoms of cancer), kind of concurrent treatment,complications from the disease being treated or other health-relatedproblems. Other therapeutic regimens or agents can be used inconjunction with the methods and compounds of Applicants' invention.Adjustment and manipulation of established dosages (e.g., frequency andduration) are well within the ability of those skilled in the art.

For any compound described herein, the therapeutically effective amountcan be initially determined from cell culture assays. Targetconcentrations will be those concentrations of active compound(s) thatare capable of achieving the methods described herein, as measured usingthe methods described herein or known in the art.

As is well known in the art, therapeutically effective amounts for usein humans can also be determined from animal models. For example, a dosefor humans can be formulated to achieve a concentration that has beenfound to be effective in animals. The dosage in humans can be adjustedby monitoring compounds effectiveness and adjusting the dosage upwardsor downwards, as described above. Adjusting the dose to achieve maximalefficacy in humans based on the methods described above and othermethods is well within the capabilities of the ordinarily skilledartisan.

Dosages may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient andthe compound being employed. The dose administered to a patient, in thecontext of the present invention should be sufficient to effect abeneficial therapeutic response in the patient over time. The size ofthe dose also will be determined by the existence, nature, and extent ofany adverse side-effects. Determination of the proper dosage for aparticular situation is within the skill of the practitioner. Generally,treatment is initiated with smaller dosages which are less than theoptimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased bysmall increments until the optimum effect under circumstances isreached.

Dosage amounts and intervals can be adjusted individually to providelevels of the administered compound effective for the particularclinical indication being treated. This will provide a therapeuticregimen that is commensurate with the severity of the individual'sdisease state.

Utilizing the teachings provided herein, an effective prophylactic ortherapeutic treatment regimen can be planned that does not causesubstantial toxicity and yet is effective to treat the clinical symptomsdemonstrated by the particular patient. This planning should involve thecareful choice of active compound by considering factors such ascompound potency, relative bioavailability, patient body weight,presence and severity of adverse side effects, preferred mode ofadministration and the toxicity profile of the selected agent.

The compounds described herein can be used in combination with oneanother, with other active agents known to be useful in treating cancer,or with adjunctive agents that may not be effective alone, but maycontribute to the efficacy of the active agent.

In some embodiments, co-administration includes administering one activeagent within 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, or 24 hours of a secondactive agent. Co-administration includes administering two active agentssimultaneously, approximately simultaneously (e.g., within about 1, 5,10, 15, 20, or 30 minutes of each other), or sequentially in any order.In some embodiments, co-administration can be accomplished byco-formulation, i.e., preparing a single pharmaceutical compositionincluding both active agents. In other embodiments, the active agentscan be formulated separately. In another embodiment, the active and/oradjunctive agents may be linked or conjugated to one another. In someembodiments, the compounds described herein may be combined withtreatments for cancer such as radiation or surgery.

The term “sigma receptor” refers to the sigma 1 receptor and/or sigma 2receptor.

The term “sigma 1 receptor” or “Slit” or “61R” or “61R” or “al” or“Sig1R” refers to a sigma receptor that is activated by tryptaminergictrace amines, select steroids (e.g., DHEA), and/or pregnenolone. Theterm “sigma 1 receptor” may refer to the nucleotide sequence or proteinsequence of human sigma 1 receptor (e.g., Entrez 10280, Uniprot Q99720,RefSeq NM_005866, or RefSeq NP_005857). The term “sigma 1 receptor”includes both the wild-type form of the nucleotide sequences or proteinsas well as any mutants thereof. In some embodiments, “sigma 1 receptor”is wild-type sigma 1 receptor. In some embodiments, “Sigma 1 receptor”is one or more mutant forms. The term “Sigma 1 receptor” XYZ refers to anucleotide sequence or protein of a mutant Sigma 1 receptor wherein theY numbered amino acid of Sigma 1 receptor that normally has an X aminoacid in the wildtype, instead has a Z amino acid in the mutant. Inembodiments, a Sigma 1 receptor is the human Sigma 1 receptor. Inembodiments, the Sigma 1 receptor has the nucleotide sequencecorresponding to reference number GI:532524979. In embodiments, theSigma 1 receptor has the nucleotide sequence corresponding to RefSeqNM_005866.3. In embodiments, the Sigma 1 receptor has the proteinsequence corresponding to reference number GI:5032117. In embodiments,the Sigma 1 receptor has the nucleotide sequence corresponding to RefSeqNP_005857.1. In embodiments, the Sigma 1 receptor has the followingamino acid sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 1) MQWAVGRRWAWAALLLAVAAVLTQVVWLWLGTQSFVFQREEIAQLARQYAGLDHELAFSRLIVELRRLHPGHVLPDEELQWVFVNAGGWMGAMCLLHASLSEYVLLFGTALGSRGHSGRYWAEISDTIISGTFHQWREGTTKSEVFYPGETVVHGPGEATAVEWGPNTWMVEYGRGVIPSTLAFALADTVFSTQDFLTLFYTLRSYARGLRLELTTYLFGQDP

In embodiments, the Sigma 1 receptor is a mutant Sigma 1 receptor. Inembodiments, the mutant Sigma 1 receptor is associated with a diseasethat is not associated with wildtype Sigma 1 receptor. In embodiments,the Sigma 1 receptor includes at least one amino acid mutation (e.g., 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 mutations) compared to thesequence above.

The term “sigma 2 receptor” or “S2R” or “σ₂R” or “σ2R” or “σ2” or“Sig2R” refers to a sigma receptor located in lipid rafts, related tocytochromes, which may be coupled or reside on the PGRMC1 complex, EGFR,mTOR, caspases, or ion channels, and/or may bind select hormones orsteroids. Sigma 2 receptor may bind 4-PPBP, SA 4503, ditolylguanidine,dimethyltryptamine, and/or siramesine. The term “sigma 2 receptor”includes both the wild-type form of the nucleotide sequences or proteinsas well as any mutants thereof. In some embodiments, “sigma 2 receptor”is wild-type sigma 2 receptor. In some embodiments, “sigma 2 receptor”is one or more mutant forms.

The term “sigma 2 receptor modulator” is used in accordance with itswell understood meaning in Chemistry and Biology and refers to acomposition (e.g., compound) capable of modulating the activity of asigma 2 receptor. In embodiments, a sigma 2 receptor modulator is asigma 2 receptor inhibitor. In embodiments, the sigma 2 receptormodulator binds a sigma 2 receptor and modulates the activity orfunction of the sigma 2 receptor compared to a control (e.g., a controlbeing the same experiment without administration of the compound). Inembodiments, modulation of sigma 2 receptor activity is determined by anassay of binding and/or activity of sigma 2 receptor (e.g., an assaydescribed herein, an assay described in an example herein, an assay usedin the Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP) at Chapel Hill, N.C.,or an assay described in website pdsp.med.unc.edu/PDSP %20Protocols%20II%202013-03-28.pdf).

The term “sigma 2 receptor inhibitor” is used in accordance with itswell understood meaning in Chemistry and Biology and refers to acomposition (e.g., compound) capable of reducing the activity of a sigma2 receptor. In embodiments, a sigma 2 receptor inhibitor is a sigma 2receptor antagonist. In embodiments, the sigma 2 receptor inhibitorbinds a sigma 2 receptor and reduces the activity or function of thesigma 2 receptor compared to a control (e.g., a control being the sameexperiment without administration of the compound). In embodiments,reduction of sigma 2 receptor activity is determined by an assay ofbinding and/or activity of sigma 2 receptor (e.g., an assay describedherein, an assay described in an example herein, an assay used in thePsychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP) at Chapel Hill, N.C., or anassay described in website pdsp.med.unc.edu/PDSP %20Protocols %20II%202013-03-28.pdf).

The term “progesterone receptor membrane component 1” or “PGRMC1” or“PRMC1” refers to the protein “progesterone receptor membrane component1”, which co-purifies with progesterone binding proteins in the liverand/or ovary under certain conditions. PGRMC1 binds heme and hasstructural similarity to motifs in cytochrome b5. PGRMC1 may bind andactivate P450 proteins. The term “PGRMC1” may refer to the nucleotidesequence or protein sequence of human PGRMC1 (e.g., Entrez 10857,Uniprot O00264, RefSeq NM_006667, or RefSeq NP_006658). The term“PGRMC1” includes both the wild-type form of the nucleotide sequences orproteins as well as any mutants thereof. In some embodiments, “PGRMC1”is wild-type PGRMC1. In some embodiments, “PGRMC1” is one or more mutantforms. The term “PGRMC1” XYZ refers to a nucleotide sequence or proteinof a mutant PGRMC1 wherein the Y numbered amino acid of PGRMC1 thatnormally has an X amino acid in the wildtype, instead has a Z amino acidin the mutant. In embodiments, a PGRMC1 is the human PGRMC1. Inembodiments, the PGRMC1 has the nucleotide sequence corresponding toreference number GI:544063459. In embodiments, the PGRMC1 has thenucleotide sequence corresponding to RefSeq NM_006667.4. In embodiments,the PGRMC1 has the protein sequence corresponding to reference numberGI:5729875. In embodiments, the PGRMC1 has the protein sequencecorresponding to RefSeq NP_006658.1. In embodiments, the PGRMC1 has thefollowing amino acid sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 2) MAAEDVVATGADPSDLESGGLLHEIFTSPLNLLLLGLCIFLLYKIVRGDQPAASGDSDDDEPPPLPRLKRRDFTPAELRREDGVQDPRILMAINGKVFDVTKGRKFYGPEGPYGVFAGRDASRGLATFCLDKEALKDEYDDLSDLTAAQQETLSDWESQFTFKYHHVGKLLKEGEEPTVYSDEEEPKDESARKND

“Analog” is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning withinChemistry and Biology and refers to a chemical compound that isstructurally similar to another compound (i.e., a so-called “reference”compound) but differs in composition, e.g., in the replacement of oneatom by an atom of a different element, or in the presence of aparticular functional group, or the replacement of one functional groupby another functional group, or the absolute stereochemistry of one ormore chiral centers of the reference compound, including isomersthereof. Accordingly, an analog is a compound that is similar orcomparable in function and appearance but not in structure or origin toa reference compound.

As used herein, the term “about” means a range of values including thespecified value, which a person of ordinary skill in the art wouldconsider reasonably similar to the specified value. In embodiments,about means within a standard deviation using measurements generallyacceptable in the art. In embodiments, about means a range extending to+/−10% of the specified value. In embodiments, about means the specifiedvalue.

B. Compounds

In an aspect is provided a compound having the formula:

Ring A is cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl. L¹ is abond or unsubstituted alkylene. L² is a bond, —SO₂—, —C(O)NH—, —NHC(O)—,—C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —SO₂CH₂—, —C(O)NHCH₂—, —NHC(O)CH₂—C(O)OCH₂—,—OC(O)CH₂—, or unsubstituted alkylene. R¹ is a hydrogen, halogen, —CX¹₃, —CHX¹ ₂, —CH₂X¹, —CN, —NR⁷R⁸, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)NR⁷R⁸, —OR¹⁰,—OC(O)OR⁹, —OC(O)NR⁷R⁸, —OC(O)R⁹, —C(S)R⁹, —C(S)OR⁹, —C(S)NR⁷R⁸, —SR¹⁰,—OC(S)OR⁹, —OC(S) NR⁷R⁸, —OC(S)R⁹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. R² isindependently a halogen, —CX² ₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂,—SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂,—NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCX² ₃, —OCHX² ₂, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl; two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atomsmay optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. R⁷,R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ are independently hydrogen, halogen, —CX₃, —CN, —OH,—NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂,—ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,—NHOH, —OCX₃, —OCHX₂, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁷ andR⁸ substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally bejoined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl orsubstituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. z is an integer from 0 to 5. X,X^(i), and X² are independently —Cl, —Br, —I, or —F.

In an aspect is provided a compound having the formula:

Ring A is cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl. L¹ is abond or unsubstituted alkylene (e.g., branched alkylene, unbranchedalkylene, branched alkenylene, unbranched alkenylene, branchedalkynylene, or unbranched alkynylene). L² is a bond, —SO₂—, —C(O)NH—,—NHC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —SO₂CH₂—, —C(O)NHCH₂—, —NHC(O)CH₂—C(O)OCH₂—,—OC(O)CH₂—, or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkylene. R¹ is a hydrogen, halogen,—CX¹ ₃, —CHX¹ ₂, —CH₂X¹, —CN, —NR⁷R⁸, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)NR⁷R⁸,—OR¹⁰, —OC(O)OR⁹, —OC(O)NR⁷R⁸, —OC(O)R⁹, —C(S)R⁹, —C(S)OR⁹, —C(S)NR⁷R⁸,—SR¹⁰, —OC(S)OR⁹, —OC(S) NR⁷R⁸, —OC(S)R⁹, substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₈ alkyl (e.g., —CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂CH₂OH, branched alkyl, unbranchedalkyl, branched alkenyl, unbranched alkenyl, branched alkynyl, orunbranched alkynyl), substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 memberedheteroalkyl (e.g., —CH₂CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₂OCH₃, branched heteroalkyl,unbranched heteroalkyl, branched heteroalkenyl, unbranchedheteroalkenyl, branched heteroalkynyl, or unbranched heteroalkynyl),substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl. R² is independently a

halogen, —CX² ₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H,—SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCX² ₃, —OCHX² ₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl; two R² substituents may optionally be joined to form asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl. R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ are independently hydrogen, halogen,—CX₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H,—SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCX₃, —OCHX₂, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁷and R⁸ substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally bejoined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl orsubstituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. The symbol z is an integer from0 to 5. The symbol X, X^(i), and X² are independently —Cl, —Br, —I, or—F.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

In embodiments, Ring A is C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, 3 to 10 memberedheterocycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl. Inembodiments, Ring A is C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, Ring A is 3 to10 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, Ring A is C₆-C₁₀ aryl. Inembodiments, Ring A is C₁₀ aryl. In embodiments, Ring A is C₉ aryl. Inembodiments, Ring A is C₆ aryl. In embodiments, Ring A is 5 to 10membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, Ring A is 5 to 9 memberedheteroaryl. In embodiments, Ring A is 6 to 10 membered heteroaryl. Inembodiments, Ring A is 6 to 9 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, RingA is 5 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, Ring A is 6 memberedheteroaryl. In embodiments, Ring A is 9 membered heteroaryl. Inembodiments, Ring A is 10 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, Ring A isC₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or 5 to 6membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, Ring A is phenyl. In embodiments,Ring A is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, Ring A is C₄-C₈ cycloalkyl.In embodiments, Ring A is C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, Ring A isC₃-C₆ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, Ring A is C₄-C₆ cycloalkyl. Inembodiments, Ring A is C₃ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, Ring A is C₄cycloalkyl. In embodiments, Ring A is C₇ cycloalkyl. In embodiments,Ring A is C₈ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, Ring A is C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl. Inembodiments, Ring A is C₅ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, Ring A is C₆cycloalkyl. In embodiments, Ring A is C₅-C₆ cycloalkenyl. Inembodiments, Ring A is C₅-C₆ cycloalkynyl. In embodiments, Ring A isC₃-C₈ cycloalkenyl. In embodiments, Ring A is C₃-C₈ cycloalkynyl. Inembodiments, Ring A is 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments,Ring A is 5 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, Ring A is 6membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, Ring A is 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl. In embodiments, Ring A is 5 membered heteroaryl. Inembodiments, Ring A is 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, Ring A is3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, Ring A is 3 to 6membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, Ring A is 3 to 7 memberedheterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, Ring A is 4 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, Ring A is a fused ringcycloalkyl-cycloalkyl (e.g., combined rings of size C₆-C₁₂, C₈-C₁₀, orC₉-C₁₀). In embodiments, Ring A is a fused ringcycloalkyl-heterocycloalkyl (e.g., combined rings of size 6 to 12member, 8 to 10 member, or 9 to 10 member). In embodiments, Ring A is afused ring cycloalkyl-aryl (e.g., combined rings of size C₇-C₁₂, C₈-C₁₀,or C₉-C₁₀). In embodiments, Ring A is a fused ring cycloalkyl-heteroaryl(e.g., combined rings of size 6 to 12 member, 8 to 10 member, or 9 to 10member). In embodiments, Ring A is a fused ringheterocycloalkyl-heterocycloalkyl (e.g., combined rings of size 6 to 12member, 8 to 10 member, or 9 to 10 member). In embodiments, Ring A is afused ring heterocycloalkyl-aryl (e.g., combined rings of size 7 to 12member, 8 to 10 member, or 9 to 10 member). In embodiments, Ring A is afused ring heterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl (e.g., combined rings of size 7to 12 member, 8 to 10 member, or 9 to 10 member). In embodiments, Ring Ais a fused ring aryl-aryl (e.g., combined rings of size C₁₀). Inembodiments, Ring A is a fused ring aryl-heteroaryl (e.g., combinedrings of size 9 to 10 member). In embodiments, Ring A is a fused ringheteroaryl-heteroaryl (e.g., combined rings of size 9 to 10 member).

In embodiments, Ring A is pyrrolidinyl. In embodiments, Ring A istetrahydrofuranyl. In embodiments, Ring A is imidazolidinyl. Inembodiments, Ring A is pyrazolidinyl. In embodiments, Ring A isoxazolidinyl. In embodiments, Ring A is isoxazolidinyl. In embodiments,Ring A is thiazolidinyl. In embodiments, Ring A is isothiazolidinyl. Inembodiments, Ring A is dioxolanyl. In embodiments, Ring A isdithiolanyl. In embodiments, Ring A is piperidinyl. In embodiments, RingA is oxanyl. In embodiments, Ring A is piperazinyl. In embodiments, RingA is morpholinyl. In embodiments, Ring A is pyridinyl. In embodiments,Ring A is triazolyl. In embodiments, Ring A imidazolyl. In embodiments,Ring A is pyrazolyl. In embodiments, Ring A is oxazolyl. In embodiments,Ring A is isoxazolyl. In embodiments, Ring A is thiazolyl. Inembodiments, Ring A is isothiazolyl. In embodiments, Ring A is pyrrolyl.In embodiments, Ring A is furanyl. In embodiments, Ring A is tetrazolyl.In embodiments, Ring A is triazolyl. In embodiments, Ring A isbenzo[d][1,3]dioxolyl.

In embodiments, Ring A is phenyl. In embodiments, Ring A is pyridyl. Inembodiments, Ring A is pyridazinyl. In embodiments, Ring A ispyrimidinyl. In embodiments, Ring A is pyrazinyl. In embodiments, Ring Ais piperidinyl. In embodiments, Ring A is tetrahydropyranyl. Inembodiments, Ring A is tetrahydrothiopyranyl. In embodiments, Ring A iscyclohexyl. In embodiments, Ring A is cyclopentyl. In embodiments, RingA is cycloheptyl. In embodiments, Ring A is cyclobutyl. In embodiments,Ring A is cyclopropyl. In embodiments, Ring A is pyrrolyl. Inembodiments, Ring A is furanyl. In embodiments, Ring A is thienyl. Inembodiments, Ring A is pyrazolyl. In embodiments, Ring A is imidazolyl.In embodiments, Ring A is isoxazolyl. In embodiments, Ring A isoxazolyl. In embodiments, Ring A is isothiazolyl. In embodiments, Ring Ais thiazolyl. In embodiments, Ring A is naphthyl. In embodiments, Ring Ais quinolinyl. In embodiments, Ring A is isoquinolinyl. In embodiments,Ring A is indolyl. In embodiments, Ring A is benzimidazolyl. Inembodiments, Ring A is indazolyl. In embodiments, Ring A is isoindolyl.In embodiments, Ring A is benzofuranyl. In embodiments, Ring A isbenzo[c]thienyl. In embodiments, Ring A is 2,3-dihydro-1H-indenyl. Inembodiments, Ring A is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl. In embodiments, RingA is triazolyl. In embodiments, Ring A is uinoxalinyl. In embodiments,Ring A is quinazolinyl. In embodiments, Ring A is triazinyl. Inembodiments, Ring A is cinnolinyl. In embodiments, Ring A isphthalazinyl. In embodiments, Ring A is benzoxazolyl. In embodiments,Ring A is benzisoxazolyl. In embodiments, Ring A is benzothiazolyl. Inembodiments, Ring A is benzisothiazolyl. In embodiments, Ring A isbenzo[d][1,2,3]triazolyl. In embodiments, Ring A is adamantyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is a hydrogen. In embodiments, R¹ is halogen. Inembodiments, R¹ is —CX¹ ₃. In embodiments, R¹ is —CHX¹ ₂. Inembodiments, R¹ is —CH₂X¹. In embodiments,

R¹ is —CN. In embodiments, R¹ is —NR⁷R⁸. In embodiments, R¹ is —C(O)R⁹.In embodiments, R¹ is —C(O)OR⁹. In embodiments, R¹ is —C(O)NR⁷R⁸. Inembodiments, R¹ is —OR¹⁰. In embodiments, R¹ is —OC(O)OR⁹. Inembodiments, R¹ is —OC(O)NR⁷R⁸. In embodiments, R¹ is —OC(O)R⁹. Inembodiments, R¹ is —C(S)R⁹. In embodiments, R¹ is —C(S)OR⁹. Inembodiments, R¹ is —C(S)NR⁷R⁸. In embodiments, R¹ is —SR¹⁰. Inembodiments, R¹ is —OC(S)OR⁹. In embodiments, R¹ is —OC(S)NR⁷R⁸. Inembodiments, R¹ is —OC(S)R⁹. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl (e.g., —CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂CH₂OH, branchedalkyl, unbranched alkyl, branched alkenyl, unbranched alkenyl, branchedalkynyl, or unbranched alkynyl). In embodiments, R¹ is substituted orunsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl (e.g., —CH₂CH₂OCH₃,—CH₂CH₂CH₂OCH₃, branched heteroalkyl, unbranched heteroalkyl, branchedheteroalkenyl, unbranched heteroalkenyl, branched heteroalkynyl, orunbranched heteroalkynyl). In embodiments, R¹ is substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted orunsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ issubstituted or unsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substitutedor unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R¹ issubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl (e.g., branched alkyl, unbranched alkyl,branched alkenyl, unbranched alkenyl, branched alkynyl, or unbranchedalkynyl). In embodiments, R¹ is substituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl(e.g., branched heteroalkyl, unbranched heteroalkyl, branchedheteroalkenyl, unbranched heteroalkenyl, branched heteroalkynyl, orunbranched heteroalkynyl). In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted 3 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted phenyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is substituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. Inembodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl (e.g., branched alkyl,unbranched alkyl, branched alkenyl, unbranched alkenyl, branchedalkynyl, or unbranched alkynyl). In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted 2to 8 membered heteroalkyl (e.g., branched heteroalkyl, unbranchedheteroalkyl, branched heteroalkenyl, unbranched heteroalkenyl, branchedheteroalkynyl, or unbranched heteroalkynyl). In embodiments, R¹ isunsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted 3 to6 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted phenyl.In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen,

halogen, —CX¹ ₃, —CHX¹ ₂, —CH₂X′, —CN, —NR⁷R⁸, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)OR⁹,—C(O)NR⁷R⁸, —OR¹⁰, —OC(O)NR⁷R⁸, —C(S)NR⁷R⁸, —SR¹⁰, substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 4 memberedheteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted 4 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R¹ is halogen. Inembodiments, R¹ is —CX¹ ₃. In embodiments, R¹ is —CHX¹ ₂. Inembodiments, R¹ is —CH₂X¹. In embodiments, R¹ is —CN. In embodiments, R¹is —NR⁷R⁸. In embodiments, R¹ is —C(O)R⁹. In embodiments, R¹ is—C(O)OR⁹. In embodiments, R¹ is —C(O)NR⁷R⁸. In embodiments, R¹ is —OR¹⁰.In embodiments, R¹ is —OC(O)NR⁷R⁸. In embodiments, R¹ is —C(S)NR⁷R⁸. Inembodiments, R¹ is —SR¹⁰. In embodiments, R¹ is halogen. In embodiments,R¹ is —CF₃. In embodiments, R¹ is —CHF₂. In embodiments, R¹ is —CH₂F. Inembodiments, R¹ is —CN. In embodiments, R¹ is —NH₂. In embodiments, R¹is —C(O)H. In embodiments, R¹ is —C(O)OH. In embodiments, R¹ is—C(O)NH₂. In embodiments, R¹ is —OH. In embodiments, R¹ is —OC(O)NH₂. Inembodiments, R¹ is —C(S)NH₂. In embodiments, R¹ is —SH. In embodiments,R¹ is —CF₃. In embodiments, R¹ is —CHF₂. In embodiments, R¹ is —CH₂F.

In embodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 4 memberedheteroalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted 4 to 6membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₁-C₄alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ issubstituted 4 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ isunsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted 2 to 4membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted 4 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 4membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstitutedC₃-C₆ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted 5to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₂-C₄alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted 3 to 4 membered heteroalkyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ issubstituted 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ isunsubstituted C₂-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted 3 to 4membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstitutedC₃-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted 4membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstitutedC₅-C₆ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted 6membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₃-C₄alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted 4 membered heteroalkyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is substituted C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ issubstituted 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ isunsubstituted C₃-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted 4membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₅-C₆cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstitutedC₄-C₈ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₄-C₈ cycloalkyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₄-C₈ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ issubstituted or unsubstituted C₄-C₇ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ issubstituted C₄-C₇ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₄-C₇cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₈cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ issubstituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₇ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ issubstituted C₅-C₇ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₅-C₇cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₈cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₆-C₈ cycloalkyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₈ cycloalkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₄ alkyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted 3 membered heteroalkyl.In embodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₆ cycloalkyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted 5 memberedheterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₄ alkyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is substituted 3 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments,R¹ is substituted C₆ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted 5membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₄ alkyl.In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted 3 membered heteroalkyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₆ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ isunsubstituted 5 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ issubstituted or unsubstituted C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substitutedor unsubstituted C₅ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₃alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₅ cycloalkyl. In embodiments,R¹ is unsubstituted C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₅cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted cyclopentyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted cyclohexyl. In embodiments, R¹ isunsubstituted n-propyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstitutedCH₂C(CH₂)CH₃. In embodiments, R¹ is —CH₂CH₂C(O)OCH₂CH₃. In embodiments,R¹ is —CH₂CH₂C(O)OCH₂CH₂CH₃. In embodiments, R¹ is —CH₂CH₂C(O)OCH(CH₃)₂.In embodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted branched C₃-C₅ alkylor substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 5 membered branched heteroalkyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₅alkynyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is an unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹is an unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is an unsubstitutedC₁-C₇ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is an unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is an unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ isan unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is an unsubstitutedC₂-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is an unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is an unsubstituted C₂-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ isan unsubstituted C₃-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is an unsubstitutedC₃-C₆ alkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is a hydroxy substituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments,R¹ is a hydroxy substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a hydroxysubstituted C₁-C₇ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a hydroxy substitutedC₁-C₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a hydroxy substituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is a hydroxy substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹is a hydroxy substituted C₂-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a hydroxysubstituted C₂-C₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a hydroxy substitutedC₂-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a hydroxy substituted C₃-C₈ alkyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is a hydroxy substituted C₃-C₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹is —CH₂CH₂OH. In embodiments, R¹ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂OH.

In embodiments, R¹ is a methoxy substituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments,R¹ is a methoxy substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a methoxysubstituted C₁-C₇ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a methoxy substitutedC₁-C₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a methoxy substituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is a methoxy substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹is a methoxy substituted C₂-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a methoxysubstituted C₂-C₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a methoxy substitutedC₂-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a methoxy substituted C₃-C₈ alkyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is a methoxy substituted C₃-C₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹is —CH₂CH₂OCH₃. In embodiments, R¹ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂OCH₃.

In embodiments, R¹ is a ethoxy substituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments,R¹ is a ethoxy substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a ethoxysubstituted C₁-C₇ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a ethoxy substitutedC₁-C₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a ethoxy substituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is a ethoxy substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹is a ethoxy substituted C₂-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a ethoxysubstituted C₂-C₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a ethoxy substitutedC₂-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a ethoxy substituted C₃-C₈ alkyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is a ethoxy substituted C₃-C₆ alkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is a propoxy substituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments,R¹ is a propoxy substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a propoxysubstituted C₁-C₇ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a propoxy substitutedC₁-C₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a propoxy substituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is a propoxy substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹is a propoxy substituted C₂-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a propoxysubstituted C₂-C₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a propoxy substitutedC₂-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a propoxy substituted C₃-C₈ alkyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is a propoxy substituted C₃-C₆ alkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is a butoxy substituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments,R¹ is a butoxy substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a butoxysubstituted C₁-C₇ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a butoxy substitutedC₁-C₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a butoxy substituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is a butoxy substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹is a butoxy substituted C₂-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a butoxysubstituted C₂-C₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a butoxy substitutedC₂-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a butoxy substituted C₃-C₈ alkyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is a butoxy substituted C₃-C₆ alkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is an unsubstituted C₃-C₈ alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹is an unsubstituted C₃-C₈ alkynyl. In embodiments, R¹ is anunsubstituted C₄-C₈ alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹ is an unsubstitutedC₄-C₈ alkynyl. In embodiments, R¹ is an unsubstituted C₅-C₈ alkenyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is an unsubstituted C₅-C₈ alkynyl. In embodiments, R¹ isan unsubstituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹ is an unsubstitutedC₂-C₈ alkynyl. In embodiments, R¹ is an unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is an unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl. In embodiments, R¹ isan unsubstituted C₂-C₄ alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹ is an unsubstitutedC₂-C₄ alkynyl. In embodiments, R¹ is an unsubstituted C₃-C₆ alkenyl. Inembodiments, R¹ is an unsubstituted C₃-C₆ alkynyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is an unsubstituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, wherein thealkenyl includes only one unsaturated bond. In embodiments, R¹ is anunsubstituted C₄-C₈ alkenyl, wherein the alkenyl includes only twounsaturated bonds wherein one of the unsaturated bonds may be a triplebond. In embodiments, R¹ is an unsubstituted C₆-C₈ alkenyl; wherein thealkenyl includes only three unsaturated bonds wherein one or two of theunsaturated bonds may be a triple bond.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₂-C₈ alkynyl; wherein the alkynylincludes only one unsaturated bond. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstitutedC₄-C₈ alkynyl; wherein the alkynyl includes only two unsaturated bondswherein one of the unsaturated bonds may be a double bond. Inembodiments, R¹ is an unsubstituted C₆-C₈ alkynyl; wherein the alkynylincludes only three unsaturated bonds wherein one or two of theunsaturated bonds may be a double bond.

In embodiments wherein R¹ is an alkyl (e.g., substitutedsaturated/unsaturated alkyl of 3 or more carbons or unsubstitutedsaturated/unsaturated alkyl of 3 or more carbons), R¹ is a branchedalkyl. In embodiments wherein R¹ is an alkyl (e.g., substitutedsaturated/unsaturated alkyl of 3 or more carbons or unsubstitutedsaturated/unsaturated alkyl of 3 or more carbons), R¹ is a straightchain alkyl. In embodiments wherein R¹ is a heteroalkyl (e.g.,substituted saturated/unsaturated heteroalkyl of 3 or more members orunsubstituted saturated/unsaturated heteroalkyl of 3 or more members),R¹ is a branched heteroalkyl. In embodiments wherein R¹ is a heteroalkyl(e.g., substituted saturated/unsaturated heteroalkyl of 3 or moremembers or unsubstituted saturated/unsaturated heteroalkyl of 3 or moremembers), R¹ is a straight chain heteroalkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is —OR¹⁰, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 4 to 6membered heterocycloalkyl.

In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen, substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 memberedheteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl.

In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R¹⁰ isindependently substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 memberedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted orunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ isindependently substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, substituted 2 to 8 memberedheteroalkyl, substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted 3 to 8 memberedheterocycloalkyl, substituted phenyl, or substituted 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted C₁-C₈alkyl, unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl,unsubstituted phenyl, or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. Inembodiments, R¹⁰ is independently substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently substituted C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, substituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, substituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, substitutedphenyl, or substituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R¹⁰is independently unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted 2 to 6membered heteroalkyl, unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, unsubstituted 3 to6 membered heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted phenyl, or unsubstituted 5 to6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently substitutedor unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independentlyunsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently unsubstitutedethyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted propyl. Inembodiments, R¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted n-propyl. Inembodiments, R¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. Inembodiments, R¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments,R¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted n-butyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ isindependently unsubstituted isobutyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ isindependently unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ isindependently unsubstituted cyclobutyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ isindependently unsubstituted cyclopenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ isindependently unsubstituted cyclohexyl.

In embodiments, L¹-R¹ is as described in one of the compounds oftable 1. In embodiments, L¹-R¹ is as described in one of the compoundsof table 3. In embodiments, L¹-R¹ is as described in one of thecompounds of table 4. In embodiments, R¹ is as described in one of thecompounds of table 1. In embodiments, R¹ is as described in one of thecompounds of table 3. In embodiments, R¹ is as described in one of thecompounds of table 4.

In embodiments, R² is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CX² ₃, —CHX² ₃,—CH₂X², —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —OCX² ₃, —OCHX² ₂,—OCH₂X², —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂, unsubstituted methyl,unsubstituted ethyl, unsubstituted isopropyl, or two R² substituentsbonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form an unsubstituted 5 to 6membered heterocycloalkyl or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joinedto form a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atomsare joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5to 6 membered heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R² is independently a halogen. In embodiments, R² isindependently —CX² ₃. In embodiments, R² is independently —CN. Inembodiments, R² is independently —OH. In embodiments, R² isindependently —NH₂. In embodiments, R² is independently —COOH. Inembodiments, R² is independently —CONH₂. In embodiments, R² isindependently —NO₂. In embodiments, R² is independently —SH. Inembodiments, R² is independently —SO₃H. In embodiments, R² isindependently —SO₄H. In embodiments, R² is independently —SO₂NH₂. Inembodiments, R² is independently NHNH₂. In embodiments, R² isindependently ONH₂. In embodiments, R² is independently NHC═(O)NHNH₂. Inembodiments, R² is independently NHC═(O)NH₂. In embodiments, R² isindependently —NHSO₂H. In embodiments, R² is independently —NHC═(O)H. Inembodiments, R² is independently —NHC(O)OH. In embodiments, R² isindependently —NHOH. In embodiments, R² is independently —OCX² ₃. Inembodiments, R² is independently —OCHX² ₂. In embodiments, R² isindependently substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments,R² is independently substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 memberedheteroalkyl. In embodiments, R² is independently substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R² is independentlysubstituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. Inembodiments, R² is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. Inembodiments, R² is independently substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R² is independently substitutedC₁-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R² is independently substituted 2 to 8membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R² is independently substitutedC₃-C₆ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R² is independently substituted 3 to 6membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R² is independentlysubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, R² is independently substituted 5 to6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R² is independently unsubstitutedC₁-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R² is independently unsubstituted 2 to 8membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R² is independently unsubstitutedC₃-C₆ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R² is independently unsubstituted 3 to6 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R² is independentlyunsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, R² is independently unsubstituted5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bondedto adjacent atoms may optionally be joined to form a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsbonded to adjacent atoms may optionally be joined to form a substitutedor unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, twoR² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms may optionally be joined toform a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents bonded to adjacent atoms may optionally be joined to form asubstituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R² is independently substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl. In embodiments, R² is independently substituted or unsubstituted2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R² is independentlysubstituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R² isindependently substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R² is independently substituted orunsubstituted 5 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R² is independentlysubstituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R²is independently substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R² isindependently substituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments,R² is independently substituted C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R² isindependently substituted 5 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments,R² is independently substituted 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments,R² is independently substituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. Inembodiments, R² is independently unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl. Inembodiments, R² is independently unsubstituted 2 to 6 memberedheteroalkyl. In embodiments, R² is independently unsubstituted C₅-C₆cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R² is independently unsubstituted 5 to 6membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R² is independentlyunsubstituted 5 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R² is independentlyunsubstituted 6 membered heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R² is independently F. In embodiments, R² isindependently —Cl. In embodiments, R² is independently —Br. Inembodiments, R² is independently —I. In embodiments, R² is independently—OCH₃. In embodiments, R² is independently —OCH₂CH₃. In embodiments, R²is independently —OCH(CH₃)₂. In embodiments, R² is independentlyunsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R² is independently unsubstitutedethyl. In embodiments, R² is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined toform an unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments,two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form anunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.

In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form a substituted orunsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined toform a substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form a substituted or unsubstitutedpyridazinyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form asubstituted or unsubstituted pyrimidinyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form a substituted or unsubstitutedpyrazinyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form asubstituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form a substituted or unsubstitutedtetrahydropyranyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined toform a substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydrothiopyranyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form a substituted orunsubstituted cyclohexyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joinedto form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl. In embodiments, twoR² substituents are joined to form a substituted or unsubstitutedcycloheptyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form asubstituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form a substituted or unsubstitutedcyclopropyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form asubstituted or unsubstituted cyclohexenyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form a substituted or unsubstitutedcyclopentenyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form asubstituted or unsubstituted cycloheptenyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form a substituted or unsubstitutedcyclobutenyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form asubstituted or unsubstituted cyclopropenyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolyl.In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form a substituted orunsubstituted furanyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined toform a substituted or unsubstituted thienyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form a substituted or unsubstitutedpyrazolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form asubstituted or unsubstituted imidazolyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form a substituted or unsubstitutedisoxazolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form asubstituted or unsubstituted oxazolyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form a substituted or unsubstitutedisothiazolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form asubstituted or unsubstituted thiazolyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form a substituted or unsubstitutedtriazolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form asubstituted or unsubstituted oxirenyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted oxetyl.In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form a substituted orunsubstituted dihydrofuranyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents arejoined to form a substituted or unsubstituted dihydropyranyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form a substituted orunsubstituted dihydrothiopyranyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsare joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted dihydrothienyl.

In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form an unsubstitutedphenyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form anunsubstituted pyridyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined toform an unsubstituted pyridazinyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsare joined to form an unsubstituted pyrimidinyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form an unsubstituted pyrazinyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form an unsubstitutedpiperidinyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form anunsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents arejoined to form an unsubstituted tetrahydrothiopyranyl. In embodiments,two R² substituents are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclohexyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form an unsubstitutedcyclopentyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form anunsubstituted cycloheptyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents arejoined to form an unsubstituted cyclobutyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclopropyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form an unsubstitutedcyclohexenyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form anunsubstituted cyclopentenyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents arejoined to form an unsubstituted cycloheptenyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclobutenyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form an unsubstitutedcyclopropenyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form anunsubstituted pyrrolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joinedto form an unsubstituted furanyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsare joined to form an unsubstituted thienyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form an unsubstituted pyrazolyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form an unsubstitutedimidazolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form anunsubstituted isoxazolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joinedto form an unsubstituted oxazolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsare joined to form an unsubstituted isothiazolyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form an unsubstituted thiazolyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form an unsubstitutedtriazolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form anunsubstituted oxirenyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joinedto form an unsubstituted oxetyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents arejoined to form an unsubstituted dihydrofuranyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form an unsubstituted dihydropyranyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form an unsubstituteddihydrothiopyranyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined toform an unsubstituted dihydrothienyl.

In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form a substitutedphenyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form asubstituted pyridyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined toform a substituted pyridazinyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents arejoined to form a substituted pyrimidinyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form a substituted pyrazinyl. In embodiments,two R² substituents are joined to form a substituted piperidinyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form a substitutedtetrahydropyranyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined toform a substituted tetrahydrothiopyranyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form a substituted cyclohexyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form a substitutedcyclopentyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form asubstituted cycloheptyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joinedto form a substituted cyclobutyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsare joined to form a substituted cyclopropyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form a substituted cyclohexenyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form a substitutedcyclopentenyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form asubstituted cycloheptenyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents arejoined to form a substituted cyclobutenyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form a substituted cyclopropenyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form a substitutedpyrrolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form asubstituted furanyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined toform a substituted thienyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents arejoined to form a substituted pyrazolyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form a substituted imidazolyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form a substitutedisoxazolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form asubstituted oxazolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined toform a substituted isothiazolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents arejoined to form a substituted thiazolyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form a substituted triazolyl. In embodiments,two R² substituents are joined to form a substituted oxirenyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form a substitutedoxetyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form asubstituted dihydrofuranyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents arejoined to form a substituted dihydropyranyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents are joined to form a substituted dihydrothiopyranyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents are joined to form a substituteddihydrothienyl.

In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joinedto form a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form a substitutedor unsubstituted pyridyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded toadjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted or unsubstitutedpyridazinyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacentatoms are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidinyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined toform a substituted or unsubstituted pyrazinyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form a substitutedor unsubstituted piperidinyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bondedto adjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted or unsubstitutedtetrahydropyranyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded toadjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted or unsubstitutedtetrahydrothiopyranyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded toadjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted or unsubstitutedcyclohexyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atomsare joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined toform a substituted or unsubstituted cycloheptyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form a substitutedor unsubstituted cyclobutyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bondedto adjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted or unsubstitutedcyclopropyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacentatoms are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexenyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined toform a substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentenyl. In embodiments, twoR² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form asubstituted or unsubstituted cycloheptenyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form a substitutedor unsubstituted cyclobutenyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsbonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted orunsubstituted cyclopropenyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bondedto adjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted or unsubstitutedpyrrolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atomsare joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted furanyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined toform a substituted or unsubstituted thienyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form a substitutedor unsubstituted pyrazolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bondedto adjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted or unsubstitutedimidazolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atomsare joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted isoxazolyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined toform a substituted or unsubstituted oxazolyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form a substitutedor unsubstituted isothiazolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsbonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted orunsubstituted thiazolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded toadjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted or unsubstitutedtriazolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atomsare joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted oxirenyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined toform a substituted or unsubstituted oxetyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form a substitutedor unsubstituted dihydrofuranyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsbonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted orunsubstituted dihydropyranyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bondedto adjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituteddihydrothiopyranyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded toadjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituteddihydrothienyl.

In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joinedto form an unsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsbonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form an unsubstituted pyridyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined toform an unsubstituted pyridazinyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsbonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form an unsubstitutedpyrimidinyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacentatoms are joined to form an unsubstituted pyrazinyl. In embodiments, twoR² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form anunsubstituted piperidinyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded toadjacent atoms are joined to form an unsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined toform an unsubstituted tetrahydrothiopyranyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form anunsubstituted cyclohexyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded toadjacent atoms are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclopentyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined toform an unsubstituted cycloheptyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsbonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclobutyl.In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joinedto form an unsubstituted cyclopropyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form anunsubstituted cyclohexenyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bondedto adjacent atoms are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclopentenyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined toform an unsubstituted cycloheptenyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsbonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form an unsubstitutedcyclobutenyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacentatoms are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclopropenyl. In embodiments,two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form anunsubstituted pyrrolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded toadjacent atoms are joined to form an unsubstituted furanyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined toform an unsubstituted thienyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsbonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form an unsubstituted pyrazolyl.In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joinedto form an unsubstituted imidazolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsbonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form an unsubstituted isoxazolyl.In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joinedto form an unsubstituted oxazolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsbonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form an unsubstitutedisothiazolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacentatoms are joined to form an unsubstituted thiazolyl. In embodiments, twoR² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form anunsubstituted triazolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded toadjacent atoms are joined to form an unsubstituted oxirenyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined toform an unsubstituted oxetyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bondedto adjacent atoms are joined to form an unsubstituted dihydrofuranyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined toform an unsubstituted dihydropyranyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form anunsubstituted dihydrothiopyranyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsbonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form an unsubstituteddihydrothienyl.

In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joinedto form a substituted phenyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bondedto adjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted pyridyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined toform a substituted pyridazinyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsbonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted pyrimidinyl.In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joinedto form a substituted pyrazinyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsbonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted piperidinyl.In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joinedto form a substituted tetrahydropyranyl. In embodiments, two R²substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form a substitutedtetrahydrothiopyranyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded toadjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted cyclohexyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined toform a substituted cyclopentyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsbonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted cycloheptyl.In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joinedto form a substituted cyclobutyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsbonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted cyclopropyl.In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joinedto form a substituted cyclohexenyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsbonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted cyclopentenyl.In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joinedto form a substituted cycloheptenyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsbonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted cyclobutenyl.In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joinedto form a substituted cyclopropenyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsbonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted pyrrolyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined toform a substituted furanyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bondedto adjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted thienyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined toform a substituted pyrazolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bondedto adjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted imidazolyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined toform a substituted isoxazolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsbonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted oxazolyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined toform a substituted isothiazolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsbonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted thiazolyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined toform a substituted triazolyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bondedto adjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted oxirenyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined toform a substituted oxetyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded toadjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted dihydrofuranyl. Inembodiments, two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined toform a substituted dihydropyranyl. In embodiments, two R² substituentsbonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form a substituteddihydrothiopyranyl. In embodiments, two R² substituents bonded toadjacent atoms are joined to form a substituted dihydrothienyl.

In embodiments, -L²-Ring A-(R²)_(z) is

R² and z are as described herein.

In embodiments, -L²-Ring A-(R²)_(z) is

It is understood that in the immediately preceding embodiments, z is 0and Ring A is not substituted with a non-hydrogen R².

In embodiments, -L²-Ring A-R² is as described in one of the compounds oftable 1. In embodiments, -L²-Ring A-R² is as described in one of thecompounds of table 3. In embodiments, -L²-Ring A-R² is as described inone of the compounds of table 5. In embodiments, R² is as described inone of the compounds of table 1. In embodiments, R² is as described inone of the compounds of table 3. In embodiments, R² is as described inone of the compounds of table 5.

In embodiments, L¹ is a bond. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedC₁-C₃ alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkylene.In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted C₁-C₉ alkylene. In embodiments,L¹ is an unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted C₁-C₇ alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedC₁-C₆ alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene.In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkylene. In embodiments,L¹ is an unsubstituted C₂-C₈ alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedC₂-C₄ alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted C₃-C₈ alkylene.In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted C₃-C₆ alkylene. In embodiments,L¹ is —CH₂—. In embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂CH₂—. In embodiments, L¹ is—CH₂CH₂CH₂—. In embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—. In embodiments, L¹ is—CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂—.

In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynylene. In embodiments,L¹ is an unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ alkenylene. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ alkynylene. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedC₄-C₁₀ alkenylene. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted C₄-C₁₀alkynylene. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ alkenylene. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ alkynylene. In embodiments,L¹ is an unsubstituted C₂-C₈ alkenylene. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted C₂-C₈ alkynylene. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedC₂-C₆ alkenylene. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted C₂-C₆alkynylene. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted C₂-C₄ alkenylene. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted C₂-C₄ alkynylene. In embodiments, L¹is an unsubstituted C₃-C₆ alkenylene. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted C₃-C₆ alkynylene. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedC₂-C₃ alkenylene. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted C₂-C₃alkynylene.

In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene, wherein thealkenylene includes only one unsaturated bond. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted C₄-C₁₀ alkenylene, wherein the alkenylene includes onlytwo unsaturated bonds wherein one of the unsaturated bonds may be atriple bond. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkenylene;wherein the alkenylene includes only three unsaturated bonds wherein oneor two of the unsaturated bonds may be a triple bond.

In embodiments, L¹ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynylene; wherein thealkynylene includes only one unsaturated bond. In embodiments, L¹ isunsubstituted C₄-C₁₀ alkynylene; wherein the alkynylene includes onlytwo unsaturated bonds wherein one of the unsaturated bonds may be adouble bond. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkynylene;wherein the alkynylene includes only three unsaturated bonds wherein oneor two of the unsaturated bonds may be a double bond.

In embodiments wherein L¹ is an alkylene (e.g., unsubstitutedsaturated/unsaturated alkylene of 3 or more carbons), L¹ is a branchedalkylene. In embodiments wherein L¹ is an alkylene (e.g., unsubstitutedsaturated/unsaturated alkylene of 3 or more carbons), L¹ is a straightchain alkylene.

In embodiments, L¹ is a bond, R¹ is —OR¹⁰, substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or substituted orunsubstituted 4 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, and R¹⁰ is independentlyhydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted orunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkylene and R¹ is hydrogen,

halogen, —CX¹ ₃, —CHX¹ ₂, —CH₂X¹, —CN, —NR⁷R⁸, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)OR⁹,—C(O)NR⁷R⁸, —OR¹⁰, —OC(O)NR⁷R⁸, —C(S)NR⁷R⁸, —SR¹⁰, substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 4 memberedheteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted 4 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is hydrogen,halogen, —CX¹ ₃, —CHX¹ ₂, —CH₂X¹, —CN, —NR⁷R⁸, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)OR⁹,—C(O)NR⁷R⁸, OR¹⁰ OC(O)NR⁷R⁸, —C(S)NR⁷R⁸, —SR¹⁰, substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 4 memberedheteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted 4 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl.

In embodiments, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ are independently hydrogen,

halogen, —CX₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H,—SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCX₃, —OCHX₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 10 membered heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted 3 to 10 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10membered heteroaryl; R⁷ and R⁸ substituents bonded to the same nitrogenatom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 3to 10 membered heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ areindependently hydrogen,halogen, —CX₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H,—SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCX₃, —OCHX₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl; R⁷ and R⁸ substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom mayoptionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8membered heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ areindependently hydrogen, —CX₃, —CN, —COOH, —CONH₂, substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 memberedheteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl; R⁷ and R⁸ substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom mayoptionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8membered heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ areindependently hydrogen, —CX₃, —CN, —COOH, —CONH₂, substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 4 memberedheteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl; R⁷ and R⁸ substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom mayoptionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ areindependently hydrogen, —CX₃, —CN, —COOH, —CONH₂, substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 4 memberedheteroalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl.

Each R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ may independently be hydrogen,

halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H,—SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H,—NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCHF₂, —OCH₂F, substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 memberedheteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl. Each R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ may independently be hydrogen,substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2to 8 membered heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted orunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. Each R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ mayindependently be hydrogen, unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, unsubstituted 2 to8 membered heteroalkyl, unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, unsubstituted 3to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted phenyl, or unsubstituted 5to 6 membered heteroaryl. Each R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ may independently behydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted orunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. Each R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ mayindependently be hydrogen, unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted 2 to6 membered heteroalkyl, unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, unsubstituted 3to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted phenyl, or unsubstituted 5to 6 membered heteroaryl. Each R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ may independently behydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₄-C₆ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 4 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted orunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. Each R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ mayindependently be hydrogen, unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, unsubstituted 2 to4 membered heteroalkyl, unsubstituted C₄-C₆ cycloalkyl, unsubstituted 4to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted phenyl, or unsubstituted 5to 6 membered heteroaryl. Each R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ may independently behydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted 2 to 3 membered heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₅-C₆ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted orunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. Each R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ mayindependently be hydrogen, unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl, unsubstituted 2 to3 membered heteroalkyl, unsubstituted C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl, unsubstituted 5to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted phenyl, or unsubstituted 5to 6 membered heteroaryl. Each R⁷ and R⁸ substituents bonded to the samenitrogen atom may be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 4 to6 membered heterocycloalkyl or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. Each R⁷ andR⁸ substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may be joined to forman unsubstituted 4 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl or unsubstituted 5 to6 membered heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ are independently hydrogen,

halogen, —CX₃, —CN, —COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₅ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 5 membered heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or substituted orunsubstituted 4 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl.

In embodiments, R⁷ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R⁷ is halogen. Inembodiments, R⁷ is —CX₃. In embodiments, R⁷ is —CN. In embodiments, R⁷is —OH. In embodiments, R⁷ is —NH₂. In embodiments, R⁷ is —COOH. Inembodiments, R⁷ is —CONH₂. In embodiments, R⁷ is —NO₂. In embodiments,R⁷ is —SH. In embodiments, R⁷ is —SO₃H. In embodiments, R⁷ is —SO₄H. Inembodiments, R⁷ is —SO₂NH₂. In embodiments, R⁷ is NHNH₂. In embodiments,R⁷ is ONH₂. In embodiments, R⁷ is NHC═(O)NHNH₂. In embodiments, R⁷ isNHC═(O) NH₂. In embodiments, R⁷ is —NHSO₂H. In embodiments, R⁷ is—NHC═(O)H. In embodiments, R⁷ is —NHC(O)—OH. In embodiments, R⁷ is—NHOH. In embodiments, R⁷ is —OCX₃. In embodiments, R⁷ is —OCHX₂. Inembodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. Inembodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 memberedheteroalkyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is substituted orunsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted C₁-C₈alkyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl.In embodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R⁷is unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R⁷ isunsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted 5 to 6membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted methyl. Inembodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R⁷ isunsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted isopropyl. Inembodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R⁷ isunsubstituted tert-butyl.

In embodiments, R⁸ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R⁸ is halogen. Inembodiments, R⁸ is —CX₃. In embodiments, R⁸ is —CN. In embodiments, R⁸is —OH. In embodiments, R⁸ is —NH₂. In embodiments, R⁸ is —COOH. Inembodiments, R⁸ is —CONH₂. In embodiments, R⁸ is —NO₂. In embodiments,R⁸ is —SH. In embodiments, R⁸ is —SO₃H. In embodiments, R⁸ is —SO₄H. Inembodiments, R⁸ is —SO₂NH₂. In embodiments, R⁸ is NHNH₂. In embodiments,R⁸ is ONH₂. In embodiments, R⁸ is NHC═(O)NHNH₂. In embodiments, R⁸ isNHC═(O) NH₂. In embodiments, R⁸ is —NHSO₂H. In embodiments, R⁸ is—NHC═(O)H. In embodiments, R⁸ is —NHC(O)—OH. In embodiments, R⁸ is—NHOH. In embodiments, R⁸ is —OCX₃. In embodiments, R⁸ is —OCHX₂. Inembodiments, R⁸ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. Inembodiments, R⁸ is substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 memberedheteroalkyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is substituted orunsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is substituted or unsubstituted5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted C₁-C₈alkyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl.In embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R⁸is unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R⁸ isunsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted 5 to 6membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted methyl. Inembodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R⁸ isunsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted isopropyl. Inembodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R⁸ isunsubstituted tert-butyl.

In embodiments, R⁹ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R⁹ is halogen. Inembodiments, R⁹ is —CX₃. In embodiments, R⁹ is —CN. In embodiments, R⁹is —OH. In embodiments, R⁹ is —NH₂. In embodiments, R⁹ is —COOH. Inembodiments, R⁹ is —CONH₂. In embodiments, R⁹ is —NO₂. In embodiments,R⁹ is —SH. In embodiments, R⁹ is —SO₃H. In embodiments, R⁹ is —SO₄H. Inembodiments, R⁹ is —SO₂NH₂. In embodiments, R⁹ is NHNH₂. In embodiments,R⁹ is ONH₂. In embodiments, R⁹ is NHC═(O)NHNH₂. In embodiments, R⁹ isNHC═(O) NH₂. In embodiments, R⁹ is —NHSO₂H. In embodiments, R⁹ is—NHC═(O)H. In embodiments, R⁹ is —NHC(O)—OH. In embodiments, R⁹ is—NHOH. In embodiments, R⁹ is —OCX₃. In embodiments, R⁹ is —OCHX₂. Inembodiments, R⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. Inembodiments, R⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 memberedheteroalkyl. In embodiments, R⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R⁹ is substituted orunsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, R⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R⁹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₈alkyl. In embodiments, R⁹ is unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl.In embodiments, R⁹ is unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R⁹is unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R⁹ isunsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, R⁹ is unsubstituted 5 to 6membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R⁹ is unsubstituted methyl. Inembodiments, R⁹ is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R⁹ isunsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R⁹ is unsubstituted isopropyl. Inembodiments, R⁹ is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R⁹ isunsubstituted tert-butyl.

In embodiments, R¹⁰ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is halogen. Inembodiments, R¹⁰ is-CX₃. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is —CN. In embodiments, R¹⁰is —OH. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is —NH₂. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is —COOH. Inembodiments, R¹⁰ is —CONH₂. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is —NO₂. In embodiments,R¹⁰ is —SH. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is —SO₃H. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is —SO₄H.In embodiments, R¹⁰ is —SO₂NH₂. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is NHNH₂. Inembodiments, R¹⁰ is ONH₂. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is NHC═(O)NHNH₂. Inembodiments, R¹⁰ is NHC═(O) NH₂. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is —NHSO₂H. Inembodiments, R¹⁰ is —NHC═(O)H. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is —NHC(O)—OH. Inembodiments, R¹⁰ is —NHOH. In embodiments, R′° is —OCX₃. In embodiments,R¹⁰ is —OCHX₂. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is substituted orunsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ issubstituted or unsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is substitutedor unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ isunsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is unsubstituted 2 to 8membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is unsubstituted 3 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is unsubstituted phenyl. Inembodiments, R¹⁰ is unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. Inembodiments, R¹⁰ is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ isunsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is unsubstituted propyl. Inembodiments, R¹⁰ is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ isunsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is unsubstituted tert-butyl.

In embodiments, L² is a bond. In embodiments, L² is —SO₂—. Inembodiments, L² is —C(O)NH—. In embodiments, L² is —NHC(O)—. Inembodiments, L² is —C(O)O—. In embodiments, L² is —OC(O)—. Inembodiments, L² is —SO₂CH₂—. In embodiments, L² is —C(O)NHCH₂—. Inembodiments, L² is —NHC(O)CH₂—. In embodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂—. Inembodiments, L² is —OC(O)CH₂—. In embodiments, L² is unsubstituted C₁-C₃alkylene. In embodiments, L² is unsubstituted C₁-C₂ alkylene. Inembodiments, L² is unsubstituted methylene. In embodiments, L² isunsubstituted ethylene. In embodiments, L² is unsubstituted propylene.In embodiments, L² is unsubstituted isopropylene. In embodiments, L² isC(CH₃)₂—. In embodiments, L² is unsubstituted butylene. In embodiments,L² is unsubstituted C₂-C₄ alkenylene. In embodiments, L² isunsubstituted C₂-C₃ alkenylene. In embodiments, L² is unsubstituted C₂alkenylene. In embodiments, L² is unsubstituted C₃ alkenylene. Inembodiments, L² is unsubstituted C₂-C₄ alkynylene. In embodiments, L² isunsubstituted C₂-C₃ alkynylene. In embodiments, L² is unsubstituted C₂alkynylene. In embodiments, L² is unsubstituted C₃ alkynylene. Inembodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂CH₂—. In embodiments, L² is—C(O)OCH₂CH₂CH₂—. In embodiments, L² is —SO₂CH₂—. In embodiments, L² is—SO₂CH₂CH₂—. In embodiments, L² is —CH₂C(O)O—. In embodiments, L² is—CH₂C(O)OCH₂—. In embodiments, L² is —CH₂CH₂C(O)OCH₂—.

In embodiments, z is 1 or 2. In embodiments, z is 0. In embodiments, zis 1. In embodiments, z is 2. In embodiments, z is 3. In embodiments, zis 4. In embodiments, z is 5.

The symbol X may independently be Cl. The symbol X may independently be—Br. The symbol X may independently be —I. The symbol X mayindependently be —F.

The symbol X¹ may independently be Cl. The symbol X¹ may independentlybe —Br. The symbol X¹ may independently be —I. The symbol X¹ mayindependently be —F.

The symbol X² may independently be Cl. The symbol X² may independentlybe —Br. The symbol X² may independently be —I. The symbol X² mayindependently be —F.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

R¹, R², L¹, and z are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

R¹, R², L¹, and z are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

R¹, R², L¹, and z are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

R¹ and L¹ are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

R¹ and L¹ are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

R¹ and L¹ are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. W is —NH—, —O—, or —S—. Inembodiments, W is —NH—. In embodiments, W is —O—. In embodiments, W is—S—. In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. W is —NH—, —O—, or —S—. Inembodiments, W is —NH—. In embodiments, W is —O—. In embodiments, W is—S—. In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. W is —NH—, —O—, or —S—. Inembodiments, W is —NH—. In embodiments, W is —O—. In embodiments, W is—S—.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. W is —NH—, —O—, or —S—. Inembodiments, W is —NH—. In embodiments, W is —O—. In embodiments, W is—S—. In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. W is —NH—, —O—, or —S—. Inembodiments, W is —NH—. In embodiments, W is —O—. In embodiments, W is—S—. In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. W is —NH—, —O—, or —S—. Inembodiments, W is —NH—. In embodiments, W is —O—. In embodiments, W isS—.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ is as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹, R¹, and R² are as described herein. In embodiments, R² ishalogen. In embodiments, R² is F. In embodiments, R² is Cl. Inembodiments, R² is CH₃. In embodiments, R² is OCH₃. In embodiments, thecompound has the formula:

wherein L¹, R¹, and R² are as described herein. In embodiments, R² ishalogen. In embodiments, R² is F. In embodiments, R² is Cl. Inembodiments, R² is CH₃. In embodiments, R² is OCH₃. In embodiments, thecompound has the formula:

wherein L¹, R¹, and R² are as described herein. In embodiments, R² ishalogen. In embodiments, R² is F. In embodiments, R² is Cl. Inembodiments, R² is CH₃. In embodiments, R² is OCH₃.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹, R¹, and R² are as described herein.

In embodiments, R² is halogen. In embodiments, R² is F. In embodiments,R² is Cl. In embodiments, R² is CH₃. In embodiments, R² is OCH₃. Inembodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹, R¹, and R² are as described herein.

In embodiments, R² is halogen. In embodiments, R² is F. In embodiments,R² is Cl. In embodiments, R² is CH₃. In embodiments, R² is OCH₃. Inembodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹, R¹, and R² are as described herein.

In embodiments, R² is halogen. In embodiments, R² is F. In embodiments,R² is Cl. In embodiments, R² is CH₃. In embodiments, R² is OCH₃.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ are as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ are as described herein. In embodiments, the compoundhas the formula:

wherein L¹ and R¹ are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein. In embodiments,the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein. In embodiments,the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein. In embodiments,the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein. In embodiments,the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein. In embodiments,the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein. In embodiments,the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein. In embodiments,the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein. In embodiments,the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein. In embodiments,the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein. In embodiments,the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, R² and R²⁰ are as described herein. Inembodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, R², and R²⁰ are as described herein. Inembodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, R², and R²⁰ are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, R², and R²⁰ are as described herein. Inembodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, R², and R²⁰ are as described herein. Inembodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, R², and R²⁰ are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, R², and R²⁰ are as described herein. Inembodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, R², and R²⁰ are as described herein. Inembodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, R², and R²⁰ are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, R², and R²⁰ are as described herein. Inembodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, R², and R²⁰ are as described herein. Inembodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, R², and R²⁰ are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein. In embodiments,the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein. In embodiments,the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein. In embodiments,the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein. In embodiments,the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein. In embodiments,the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein. In embodiments,the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein. In embodiments,the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein. In embodiments,the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein. In embodiments,the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein. In embodiments,the compound has the formula:

wherein L², z, Ring A, and R² are as described herein.

In embodiments, R¹ is independently hydrogen,

halogen, —CX¹ ₃, —CHX¹ ₂, —CH₂X′, —OCX¹ ₃, —OCH₂X′, —OCHX¹ ₂, —CF₃, —CN,—OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂,—ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,—NHOH, —OCHF₂, R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈,C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl(e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R²⁰-substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆), R²⁰-substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered,4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R²⁰-substitutedor unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or R²⁰-substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5to 6 membered). In embodiments, R¹ is independently hydrogen,halogen, —CX¹ ₃, —CHX¹ ₂, —CH₂X¹, —OCX¹ ₃, —OCH₂X¹, —OCHX¹ ₂, —CF₃, —CN,—OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂,—ONH₂, —NHC—(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,—NHOH, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, orC₁-C₂), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered),unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆),unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered,4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstitutedaryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X¹ is independently—F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In embodiments, R¹ is independently hydrogen. Inembodiments, R¹ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments,R¹ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

R²⁰ is independently oxo,

halogen, —CX²⁰ ₃, —CHX²⁰ ₂, —CH₂X²⁰, —OCX²⁰ ₃, —OCH₂X²⁰, —OCHX²⁰ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCHF₂, R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g.,C, —C₈, C, —C₆, C, —C₄, or C, —C₂), R²¹-substituted or unsubstitutedheteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R²¹-substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆), R²¹-substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered,4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R²¹-substitutedor unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or R²¹-substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5to 6 membered). In embodiments, R²⁰ is independently oxo,halogen, —CX²⁰ ₃, —CHX²⁰ ₂, —CH₂X²⁰, —OCX²⁰ ₃, —OCH₂X²⁰, —OCHX²⁰ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,—NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, orC₁-C₂), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered),unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆),unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered,4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstitutedaryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X²⁰ is independently—F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In embodiments, R²⁰ is independently hydrogen. Inembodiments, R²⁰ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments,R²⁰ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

R²¹ is independently oxo,

halogen, —CX²¹ ₃, —CHX²¹ ₂, —CH₂X²¹, —OCX²¹ ₃, —OCH₂X²¹, —OCHX²¹ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R²²-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl(e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), R²²-substituted or unsubstitutedheteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R²²-substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆), R²²-substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered,4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R²²-substitutedor unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or R²²-substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5to 6 membered). In embodiments, R²¹ is independently oxo,halogen, —CX²¹ ₃, —CHX²¹ ₂, —CH₂X²¹, —OCX²¹ ₃, —OCH₂X²¹, —OCHX²¹ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈,C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, orC₅-C₆), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered),unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl(e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X²¹ isindependently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In embodiments, R²¹ is independentlyhydrogen. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently unsubstituted methyl. Inembodiments, R²¹ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

R²² is independently oxo,

halogen, —CX²² ₃, —CHX²² ₂, —CH₂X²², —OCX²² ₃, —OCH₂X²², —OCHX²² ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈,C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, orC₅-C₆), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered),unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl(e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X²² isindependently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In embodiments, R²² is independentlyhydrogen. In embodiments, R²² is independently unsubstituted methyl. Inembodiments, R²² is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

In embodiments, R² is independently hydrogen, oxo,

halogen, —CX² ₃, —CHX² ₂, —CH₂X², —OCX² ₃, —OCH₂X², —OCHX² ₂, —CF₃, —CN,—OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂,—ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,—NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R²³-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g.,C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), R²³-substituted or unsubstitutedheteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R²³-substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆), R²³-substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered,4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R²³-substitutedor unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or R²³-substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5to 6 membered). In embodiments, R² is independently hydrogen,halogen, —CX² ₃, —CHX² ₂, —CH₂X², —OCX² ₃, —OCH₂X², —OCHX² ₂, —CF₃, —CN,—OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂,—ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,—NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, orC₁-C₂), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered),unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆),unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered,4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstitutedaryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X² is independently—F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In embodiments, R² is independently hydrogen. Inembodiments, R² is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments,R² is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

R²³ is independently oxo,

halogen, —CX²³ ₃, —CHX²³ ₂, —CH₂X²³, —OCX²³ ₃, —OCH₂X²³, —OCHX²³ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R²⁴— substituted or unsubstitutedalkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), R²⁴-substituted orunsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R²⁴-substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆),R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6membered), R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ orphenyl), or R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R²³ isindependently oxo,halogen, —CX²³ ₃, —CHX²³ ₂, —CH₂X²³, —OCX²³ ₃, —OCH₂X²³, —OCHX²³ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,—NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, orC₁-C₂), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered),unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆),unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered,4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstitutedaryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X²³ is independently—F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In embodiments, R²³ is independently hydrogen. Inembodiments, R²³ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments,R²³ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

R²⁴ is independently oxo,

halogen, —CX²⁴ ₃, —CHX²⁴ ₂, —CH₂X²⁴, —OCX²⁴ ₃, —OCH₂X²⁴, —OCHX²⁴ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,—NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R²⁵-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g.,C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), R²⁵-substituted or unsubstitutedheteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R²⁵-substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆), R²⁵-substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered,4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R²⁵-substitutedor unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or R²⁵-substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5to 6 membered). In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently oxo,halogen, —CX²⁴ ₃, —CHX²⁴ ₂, —CH₂X²⁴, —OCX²⁴ ₃, —OCH₂X²⁴, —OCHX²⁴ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈,C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, orC₅-C₆), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered),unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl(e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X²⁴ isindependently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independentlyhydrogen. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently unsubstituted methyl. Inembodiments, R²⁴ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

R²⁵ is independently oxo,

halogen, —CX²⁵ ₃, —CHX²⁵ ₂, —CH₂X²⁵, —OCX²⁵ ₃, —OCH₂X²⁵, —OCHX²⁵ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈,C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, orC₅-C₆), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered),unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl(e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X²⁵ isindependently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In embodiments, R²⁵ is independentlyhydrogen. In embodiments, R²⁵ is independently unsubstituted methyl. Inembodiments, R²⁵ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

In embodiments, R⁷ is independently hydrogen,

halogen, —CX⁷ ₃, —CHX⁷ ₂, —CH₂X⁷, —OCX⁷ ₃, —OCH₂X⁷, —OCHX⁷ ₂, —CF₃, —CN,—OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂,—ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,—NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R³⁸-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g.,C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), R³⁸-substituted or unsubstitutedheteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R³⁸-substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆), R³⁸-substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered,4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R³⁸-substitutedor unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or R³⁸-substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5to 6 membered). In embodiments, R⁷ is independently hydrogen,halogen, —CX⁷ ₃, —CHX⁷ ₂, —CH₂X⁷, —OCX⁷ ₃, —OCH₂X⁷, —OCHX⁷ ₂, —CF₃, —CN,—OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂,—ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,—NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, orC₁-C₂), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered),unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆),unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered,4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstitutedaryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X⁷ is independently—F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In embodiments, R⁷ is independently hydrogen. Inembodiments, R⁷ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments,R⁷ is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R⁷ isindependently hydrogen, —CX⁷ ₃, —CHX⁷ ₂, —CH₂X⁷, —CF₃, —CN, —COOH,—CONH₂, R³⁸-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆,C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), R³⁸-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4to 5 membered), R³⁸-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g.,C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆), R³⁸-substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R³⁸-substituted orunsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or R³⁸-substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5to 6 membered).

R³⁸ is independently oxo,

halogen, —CX³⁸ ₃, —CHX³⁸ ₂, —CH₂X³⁸, —OCX³⁸ ₃, —OCH₂X³⁸, —OCHX³⁸ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, —S(O)₂CHCH₂, —NHS(O)₂CHCH₂,R³⁹-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, orC₁-C₂), R³⁹-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5membered), R³⁹-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈,C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆), R³⁹-substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R³⁹-substituted orunsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or R³⁹-substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5to 6 membered). In embodiments, R³⁸ is independently oxo,halogen, —CX³⁸ ₃, —CHX³⁸ ₂, —CH₂X³⁸, —OCX³⁸ ₃, —OCH₂X³⁸, —OCHX³⁸ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC—(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈,C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, orC₅-C₆), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered),unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl(e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X³⁸ isindependently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In embodiments, R³⁸ is independentlyhydrogen. In embodiments, R³⁸ is independently unsubstituted methyl. Inembodiments, R³⁸ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

R³⁹ is independently oxo,

halogen, —CX³⁹ ₃, —CHX³⁹ ₂, —CH₂X³⁹, —OCX³⁹ ₃, —OCH₂X³⁹, —OCHX³⁹ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, —S(O)₂CHCH₂, —NHS(O)₂CHCH₂,R⁴⁰-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, orC₁-C₂), R⁴⁰-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5membered), R⁴⁰-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈,C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆), R⁴⁰-substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R⁴⁰-substituted orunsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or R⁴⁰-substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5to 6 membered). In embodiments, R³⁹ is independently oxo,halogen, —CX³⁹ ₃, —CHX³⁹ ₂, —CH₂X³⁹, —OCX³⁹ ₃, —OCH₂X³⁹, —OCHX³⁹ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC—(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈,C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, orC₅-C₆), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered),unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl(e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X³⁹ isindependently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In embodiments, R³⁹ is independentlyhydrogen. In embodiments, R³⁹ is independently unsubstituted methyl. Inembodiments, R³⁹ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

R⁴⁰ is independently oxo,

halogen, —CX⁴⁰ ₃, —CHX⁴⁰ ₂, —CH₂X⁴⁰, —OCX⁴⁰ ₃, —OCH₂X⁴⁰, —OCHX⁴⁰ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈,C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered),unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆),unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered,4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstitutedaryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X⁴⁰ is independently—F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In embodiments, R⁴⁰ is independently hydrogen. Inembodiments, R⁴⁰ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments,R⁴⁰ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

In embodiments, R⁸ is independently hydrogen,

halogen, —CX⁸ ₃, —CHX⁸ ₂, —CH₂X⁸, —OCX⁸ ₃, —OCH₂X⁸, —OCHX⁸ ₂, —CF₃, —CN,—OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂,—ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,—NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R⁴¹-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g.,C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), R⁴¹-substituted or unsubstitutedheteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R⁴¹-substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆), R⁴¹-substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered,4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R⁴¹-substitutedor unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or R⁴¹-substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5to 6 membered). In embodiments, R⁸ is independently hydrogen,halogen, —CX⁸ ₃, —CHX⁸ ₂, —CH₂X⁸, —OCX⁸ ₃, —OCH₂X⁸, —OCHX⁸ ₂, —CF₃, —CN,—OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂,—ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,—NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, orC₁-C₂), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered),unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆),unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered,4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstitutedaryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X⁸ is independently—F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In embodiments, R⁸ is independently hydrogen. Inembodiments, R⁸ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments,R⁸ is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R⁸ isindependently hydrogen, —CX⁸ ₃, —CHX⁸ ₂, —CH₂X⁸, —CF₃, —CN, —COOH,—CONH₂, R⁴¹-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆,C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), R⁴¹-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4to 5 membered), R⁴¹-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g.,C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆), R⁴¹-substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R⁴¹-substituted orunsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or R⁴¹-substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5to 6 membered).

R⁴¹ is independently oxo,

halogen, —CX⁴¹ ₃, —CHX⁴¹ ₂, —CH₂X⁴¹, —OCX⁴¹ ₃, —OCH₂X⁴¹, —OCHX⁴¹ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, —S(O)₂CHCH₂, —NHS(O)₂CHCH₂,R⁴²-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, orC₁-C₂), R⁴²-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5membered), R⁴²-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈,C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆), R⁴²-substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R⁴²-substituted orunsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or R⁴²-substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5to 6 membered). In embodiments, R⁴¹ is independently oxo,halogen, —CX⁴¹ ₃, —CHX⁴¹ ₂, —CH₂X⁴¹, —OCX⁴¹ ₃, —OCH₂X⁴¹, —OCHX⁴¹ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈,C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, orC₅-C₆), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered),unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl(e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X⁴¹ isindependently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In embodiments, R⁴¹ is independentlyhydrogen. In embodiments, R⁴¹ is independently unsubstituted methyl. Inembodiments, R⁴¹ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

R⁴² is independently oxo,

halogen, —CX⁴² ₃, —CHX⁴² ₂, —CH₂X⁴², —OCX⁴² ₃, —OCH₂X⁴², —OCHX⁴² ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —NHC—(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,—NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, —S(O)₂CHCH₂, —NHS(O)₂CHCH₂, R⁴³-substituted orunsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂),R⁴³-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered),R⁴³-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆,or C₅-C₆), R⁴³-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6membered), R⁴³-substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ orphenyl), or R⁴³-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R⁴² isindependently oxo,halogen, —CX⁴² ₃, —CHX⁴² ₂, —CH₂X⁴², —OCX⁴² ₃, —OCH₂X⁴², —OCHX⁴² ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —NHC—(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,—NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, orC₁-C₂), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered),unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆),unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered,4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstitutedaryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X⁴² is independently—F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In embodiments, R⁴² is independently hydrogen. Inembodiments, R⁴² is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments,R⁴² is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

R⁴³ is independently oxo,

halogen, —CX⁴³ ₃, —CHX⁴³ ₂, —CH₂X⁴³, —OCX⁴³ ₃, —OCH₂X⁴³, —OCHX⁴³ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,—NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, orC₁-C₂), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered),unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆),unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered,4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstitutedaryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X⁴³ is independently—F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In embodiments, R⁴³ is independently hydrogen. Inembodiments, R⁴³ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments,R⁴³ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

In embodiments, R⁹ is independently hydrogen,

halogen, —CX⁹ ₃, —CHX⁹ ₂, —CH₂X⁹, —OCX⁹ ₃, —OCH₂X⁹, —OCHX⁹ ₂, —CF₃, —CN,—OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂,—ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,—NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R⁴⁴-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g.,C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), R⁴⁴-substituted or unsubstitutedheteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R⁴⁴-substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆), R⁴⁴-substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered,4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R⁴⁴-substitutedor unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or R⁴⁴-substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5to 6 membered). In embodiments, R⁹ is independently hydrogen,halogen, —CX⁹ ₃, —CHX⁹ ₂, —CH₂X⁹, —OCX⁹ ₃, —OCH₂X⁹, —OCHX⁹ ₂, —CF₃, —CN,—OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂,—ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,—NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, orC₁-C₂), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered),unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆),unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered,4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstitutedaryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X⁹ is independently—F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In embodiments, R⁹ is independently hydrogen. Inembodiments, R⁹ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments,R⁹ is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R⁹ isindependently hydrogen, —CX⁹ ₃, —CHX⁹ ₂, —CH₂X⁹, —CF₃, —CN, —COOH,—CONH₂, R⁴⁴-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆,C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), R⁴⁴-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4to 5 membered), R⁴⁴-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g.,C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆), R⁴⁴-substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R⁴⁴-substituted orunsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or R⁴⁴-substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5to 6 membered).

R⁴⁴ is independently oxo,

halogen, —CX⁴⁴ ₃, —CHX⁴⁴ ₂, —CH₂X⁴⁴, —OCX⁴⁴ ₃, —OCH₂X⁴⁴, —OCHX⁴⁴ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC—(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R⁴⁵-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl(e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), R⁴⁵-substituted or unsubstitutedheteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R⁴⁵-substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆), R⁴⁵-substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered,4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R⁴⁵-substitutedor unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or R⁴⁵-substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5to 6 membered). In embodiments, R⁴⁴ is independently oxo,halogen, —CX⁴⁴ ₃, —CHX⁴⁴ ₂, —CH₂X⁴⁴, —OCX⁴⁴ ₃, —OCH₂X⁴⁴, —OCHX⁴⁴ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC—(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈,C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, orC₅-C₆), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered),unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl(e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X⁴⁴ isindependently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In embodiments, R⁴⁴ is independentlyhydrogen. In embodiments, R⁴⁴ is independently unsubstituted methyl. Inembodiments, R⁴⁴ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

R⁴⁵ is independently oxo,

halogen, —CX⁴⁵ ₃, —CHX⁴⁵ ₂, —CH₂X⁴⁵, —OCX⁴⁵ ₃, —OCH₂X⁴⁵, —OCHX⁴⁵ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,—NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R⁴⁶— substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g.,C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), R⁴⁶-substituted or unsubstitutedheteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R⁴⁶-substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₃-C6, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆), R⁴⁶-substitutedor unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered),R⁴⁶-substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), orR⁴⁶-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R⁴⁵ is independentlyoxo,halogen, —CX⁴⁵ ₃, —CHX⁴⁵ ₂, —CH₂X⁴⁵, —OCX⁴⁵ ₃, —OCH₂X⁴⁵, —OCHX⁴⁵ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,—NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, orC₁-C₂), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered),unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆),unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered,4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstitutedaryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X⁴⁵ is independently—F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In embodiments, R⁴⁵ is independently hydrogen. Inembodiments, R⁴⁵ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments,R⁴⁵ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

R⁴⁶ is independently oxo,

halogen, —CX⁴⁶ ₃, —CHX⁴⁶ ₂, —CH₂X⁴⁶, —OCX⁴⁶ ₃, —OCH₂X⁴⁶, —OCHX⁴⁶ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈,C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, orC₅-C₆), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered),unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl(e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X⁴⁶ isindependently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In embodiments, R⁴⁶ is independentlyhydrogen. In embodiments, R⁴⁶ is independently unsubstituted methyl. Inembodiments, R⁴⁶ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen,

halogen, —CX¹⁰ ₃, —CHX¹⁰ ₂, —CH₂X¹⁰, —OCX¹⁰ ₃, —OCH₂X¹⁰, —OCHX¹⁰ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R⁴⁷-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl(e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), R⁴⁷-substituted or unsubstitutedheteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R⁴⁷-substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆), R⁴⁷-substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered,4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R⁴⁷-substitutedor unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or R⁴⁷-substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5to 6 membered). In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen,halogen, —CX¹⁰ ₃, —CHX¹⁰ ₂, —CH₂X¹⁰, —OCX¹⁰ ₃, —OCH₂X¹⁰, —OCHX¹⁰ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈,C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered),unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆),unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered,4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstitutedaryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X¹⁰ is independently—F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen. Inembodiments, R¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments,R¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ isindependentlyhydrogen, —CX¹⁰ ₃, —CHX¹⁰ ₂, —CH₂X¹⁰, —CF₃, —CN, —COOH, —CONH₂,R⁴⁷-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₆,C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), R⁴⁷-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4to 5 membered), R⁴⁷-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g.,C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆), R⁴⁷-substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R⁴⁷-substituted orunsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or R⁴⁷-substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5to 6 membered).

R⁴⁷ is independently oxo,

halogen, —CX⁴⁷ ₃, —CHX⁴⁷ ₂, —CH₂X⁴⁷, —OCX⁴⁷ ₃, —OCH₂X⁴⁷, —OCHX⁴⁷ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R⁴⁸-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl(e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), R⁴⁸-substituted or unsubstitutedheteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R⁴⁸-substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆), R⁴⁸-substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered,4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R⁴⁸-substitutedor unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or R⁴⁸-substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5to 6 membered). In embodiments, R⁴⁷ is independently oxo,halogen, —CX⁴⁷ ₃, —CHX⁴⁷ ₂, —CH₂X⁴⁷, —OCX⁴⁷ ₃, —OCH₂X⁴⁷, —OCHX⁴⁷ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈,C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, orC₅-C₆), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered),unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl(e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X⁴⁷ isindependently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In embodiments, R⁴⁷ is independentlyhydrogen. In embodiments, R⁴⁷ is independently unsubstituted methyl. Inembodiments, R⁴⁷ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

R⁴⁸ is independently oxo,

halogen, —CX⁴⁸ ₃, —CHX⁴⁸ ₂, —CH₂X⁴⁸, —OCX⁴⁸ ₃, —OCH₂X⁴⁸, —OCHX⁴⁸ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,—NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R⁴⁹-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g.,C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), R⁴⁹-substituted or unsubstitutedheteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R⁴⁹-substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆), R⁴⁹-substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered,4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R⁴⁹-substitutedor unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or R⁴⁹-substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5to 6 membered). In embodiments, R⁴⁸ is independently oxo,halogen, —CX⁴⁸ ₃, —CHX⁴⁸ ₂, —CH₂X⁴⁸, —OCX⁴⁸ ₃, —OCH₂X⁴⁸, —OCHX⁴⁸ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈,C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, orC₅-C₆), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered),unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl(e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X⁴⁸ isindependently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In embodiments, R⁴⁸ is independentlyhydrogen. In embodiments, R⁴⁸ is independently unsubstituted methyl. Inembodiments, R⁴⁸ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

R⁴⁹ is independently oxo,

halogen, —CX⁴⁹ ₃, —CHX⁴⁹ ₂, —CH₂X⁴⁹, —OCX⁴⁹ ₃, —OCH₂X⁴⁹, —OCHX⁴⁹ ₂,—CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C OOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈,C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, orC₅-C₆), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered),unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl(e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X⁴⁹ isindependently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In embodiments, R⁴⁹ is independentlyhydrogen. In embodiments, R⁴⁹ is independently unsubstituted methyl. Inembodiments, R⁴⁹ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

In embodiments, R²², R²⁵, R⁴⁰, R⁴³, R⁴⁶ and R⁴⁹ are independentlyhydrogen, oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH,—SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂,—NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstitutedalkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl,unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, or unsubstitutedheteroaryl. In embodiments, R²², R²⁵, R⁴⁰, R⁴³, and R⁴⁹ areindependently oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂,—SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂,—NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstitutedalkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl,unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, or unsubstitutedheteroaryl. In embodiments, R²², R²⁵, R⁴⁰, R⁴³, R⁴⁶, and R⁴⁹ areindependently oxo,

halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H,—SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl,unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl,unsubstituted phenyl, or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, -L¹-R¹ is

In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is unsubstituted ethyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is unsubstituted propyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is unsubstituted n-propyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is unsubstituted isopropyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments,L¹ is a bond and R¹ is unsubstituted n-butyl. In embodiments, L¹ is abond and R¹ is unsubstituted isobutyl. In embodiments, L¹ is a bond andR¹ is unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ istrifluoromethyl. In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is trichloromethyl.In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is unsubstituted methoxy. Inembodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is unsubstituted ethoxy. Inembodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is trifluoromethoxy. In embodiments, L¹is a bond and R¹ is —OH. In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ isunsubstituted cyclopropyl. In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ isunsubstituted cyclobutyl. In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ isunsubstituted cyclopentyl. In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ isunsubstituted cyclohexyl. In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ isunsubstituted cycloheptyl. In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ isunsubstituted oxetanyl. In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ ismethyl-substituted oxetanyl. In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ isunsubstituted piperidinyl. In embodiments, L′ is a bond and R¹ isunsubstituted oxanyl. In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ isunsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl. In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ isunsubstituted cyclohexyl. In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ ishydroxyl substituted cyclohexyl. In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is—CN. In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is unsubstituted ethynyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is —C(O)CH(CH₃)₂. In embodiments, L¹ isa bond and R¹ is —CH(CH₃)₂. In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is—COOH. In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is —C(O)OMe. In embodiments,L¹ is a bond and R¹ is —C(O)OEt. In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is—C(O)OCH(CH₃)₂. In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is —C(O)OCH₂CH₂OCH₃.In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is —C(O)OCH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₃. Inembodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is —C(O)O(methyl substitutedcyclobutyl). In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is —C(O)O(methylsubstituted cyclopropyl). In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is—C(O)N(CH₃)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is—C(O)N(CH₃)(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is —OC(O)NH(CH₃).In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is OC(O)N(CH₃)(CH₃). In embodiments,L¹ is a bond and R¹ is —OC(O)N(CH₂CH₃)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is abond and R¹ is —C(S)N(CH₃)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹is —C(S)N(CH₃)(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is—C(S)NH(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is—C(S)N(CH₂CH₃)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is—CH₂CH₂CH₃. In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is —C(O)OCH₂CH₂CH₃. Inembodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is —C(O)OCH₂CH₃. In embodiments, L¹ isa bond and R¹ is —CH₂C(CH₂)(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is—C(CH₂)(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is —C(CH₂)(CH₂CH₃). Inembodiments, L¹ is a bond and R¹ is —C(CHCH₃)(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹is a bond and R¹ is —C(C(CH₃)₂)(CH₃).

In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted methylene and R¹ is unsubstitutedmethyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted methylene and R¹ isunsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted methyleneand R¹ is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedmethylene and R¹ is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted methylene and R¹ is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments,L¹ is an unsubstituted methylene and R¹ is unsubstituted isobutyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted methylene and R¹ is unsubstitutedtert-butyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted methylene and R¹ istrifluoromethyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted methylene and R¹is trichloromethyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted methylene andR¹ is unsubstituted methoxy. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedmethylene and R¹ is unsubstituted ethoxy. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted methylene and R¹ is trifluoromethoxy. In embodiments, L¹is an unsubstituted methylene and R¹ is —OH. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted methylene and R¹ is unsubstituted cyclopropyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted methylene and R¹ is unsubstitutedcyclobutyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted methylene and R¹ isunsubstituted cyclopentyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedmethylene and R¹ is unsubstituted oxetanyl. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted methylene and R¹ is methyl-substituted oxetanyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted methylene and R¹ is unsubstitutedpiperidinyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted methylene and R¹ isunsubstituted oxanyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted methyleneand R¹ is unsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted methylene and R¹ is unsubstituted cyclohexyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted methylene and R¹ is hydroxylsubstituted cyclohexyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted methyleneand R¹ is —CN. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted methylene and R¹is unsubstituted ethynyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedmethylene and R¹ is —C(O)CH(CH₃)₂. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted methylene and R¹ is —CH(CH₃)₂. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted methylene and R¹ is —COOH. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted methylene and R¹ is —C(O)OMe. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted methylene and R¹ is —C(O)OEt. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted methylene and R¹ is —C(O)OCH(CH₃)₂. In embodiments, L¹ isan unsubstituted methylene and R¹ is —C(O)OCH₂CH₂OCH₃. In embodiments,L¹ is an unsubstituted methylene and R¹ is —C(O)OCH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₃. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted methylene and R¹ is —C(O)O(methylsubstituted cyclobutyl). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedmethylene and R¹ is C(O)O(methyl substituted cyclopropyl). Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted methylene and R¹ is—C(O)N(CH₃)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted methyleneand R¹ is —C(O)N(CH₃)(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedmethylene and R¹ is —OC(O)NH(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted methylene and R¹ is —OC(O)N(CH₃)(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹is an unsubstituted methylene and R¹ is —OC(O)N(CH₂CH₃)(CH₂CH₃). Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted methylene and R¹ is—C(S)N(CH₃)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted methyleneand R¹ is —C(S)N(CH₃)(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedmethylene and R¹ is —C(S)NH(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedmethylene and R¹ is —C(S)N(CH₂CH₃)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted methylene and R¹ is —CH₂CH₂CH₃. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted methylene and R¹ is —C(O)OCH₂CH₂CH₃. In embodiments, L¹ isan unsubstituted methylene and R¹ is —C(O)OCH₂CH₃. In embodiments, L¹ isan unsubstituted methylene and R¹ is —CH₂C(CH₂)(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹is an unsubstituted methylene and R¹ is —C(CH₂)(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹is an unsubstituted methylene and R¹ is —C(CH₂)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments,L¹ is an unsubstituted methylene and R¹ is —C(CHCH₃)(CH₃). Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted methylene and R¹ is—C(C(CH₃)₂)(CH₃).

In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is unsubstitutedmethyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethylene and R¹ isunsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethylene andR¹ is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedethylene and R¹ is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, L¹is an unsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is unsubstituted isobutyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is unsubstitutedtert-butyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethylene and R¹ istrifluoromethyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethylene and R¹is trichloromethyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethylene andR¹ is unsubstituted methoxy. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedethylene and R¹ is unsubstituted ethoxy. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is trifluoromethoxy. In embodiments, L¹ isan unsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is —OH. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is unsubstituted cyclopropyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is unsubstitutedcyclobutyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethylene and R¹ isunsubstituted cyclopentyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedethylene and R¹ is unsubstituted oxetanyl. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is methyl-substituted oxetanyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is unsubstitutedpiperidinyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethylene and R¹ isunsubstituted oxanyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethyleneand R¹ is unsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is unsubstituted cyclohexyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is hydroxylsubstituted cyclohexyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethyleneand R¹ is —CN. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethylene and R¹ isunsubstituted ethynyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethyleneand R¹ is —C(O)CH(CH₃)₂. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethyleneand R¹ is —CH(CH₃)₂. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethylene andR¹ is —COOH. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is—C(O)OMe. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is—C(O)OEt. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is—C(O)OCH(CH₃)₂. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethylene and R¹is —C(O)OCH₂CH₂OCH₃. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethylene andR¹ is —C(O)OCH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₃. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedethylene and R¹ is —C(O)O(methyl substituted cyclobutyl). Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is C(O)O(methylsubstituted cyclopropyl). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedethylene and R¹ is —C(O)N(CH₃)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is —C(O)N(CH₃)(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ isan unsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is —OC(O)NH(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ isan unsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is —OC(O)N(CH₃)(CH₃). In embodiments,L¹ is an unsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is —OC(O)N(CH₂CH₃)(CH₂CH₃). Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is—C(S)N(CH₃)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethylene andR¹ is —C(S)N(CH₃)(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethyleneand R¹ is —C(S)NH(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted ethyleneand R¹ is —C(S)N(CH₂CH₃)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedethylene and R¹ is —CH₂CH₂CH₃. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedethylene and R¹ is —C(O)OCH₂CH₂CH₃. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is —C(O)OCH₂CH₃. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is —CH₂C(CH₂)(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ isan unsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is —C(CH₂)(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ isan unsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is —C(CH₂)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments, L¹is an unsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is —C(CHCH₃)(CH₃). In embodiments,L¹ is an unsubstituted ethylene and R¹ is —C(C(CH₃)₂)(CH₃).

In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted propylene and R¹ is unsubstitutedmethyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted propylene and R¹ isunsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted propyleneand R¹ is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedpropylene and R¹ is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted propylene and R¹ is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments,L¹ is an unsubstituted propylene and R¹ is unsubstituted isobutyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted propylene and R¹ is unsubstitutedtert-butyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted propylene and R¹ istrifluoromethyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted propylene and R¹is trichloromethyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted propylene andR¹ is unsubstituted methoxy. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedpropylene and R¹ is unsubstituted ethoxy. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted propylene and R¹ is trifluoromethoxy. In embodiments, L¹is an unsubstituted propylene and R¹ is —OH. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted propylene and R¹ is unsubstituted cyclopropyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted propylene and R¹ is unsubstitutedcyclobutyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted propylene and R¹ isunsubstituted cyclopentyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedpropylene and R¹ is unsubstituted oxetanyl. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted propylene and R¹ is methyl-substituted oxetanyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted propylene and R¹ is unsubstitutedpiperidinyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted propylene and R¹ isunsubstituted oxanyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted propyleneand R¹ is unsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted propylene and R¹ is unsubstituted cyclohexyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted propylene and R¹ is hydroxylsubstituted cyclohexyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted propyleneand R¹ is —CN. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted propylene and R¹is unsubstituted ethynyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedpropylene and R¹ is —C(O)CH(CH₃)₂. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted propylene and R¹ is —CH(CH₃)₂. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted propylene and R¹ is —COOH. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted propylene and R¹ is —C(O)OMe. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted propylene and R¹ is —C(O)OEt. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted propylene and R¹ is —C(O)OCH(CH₃)₂. In embodiments, L¹ isan unsubstituted propylene and R¹ is —C(O)OCH₂CH₂OCH₃. In embodiments,L¹ is an unsubstituted propylene and R¹ is —C(O)OCH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₃. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted propylene and R¹ is C(O)O(methylsubstituted cyclobutyl). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedpropylene and R¹ is C(O)O(methyl substituted cyclopropyl). Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted propylene and R¹ is—C(O)N(CH₃)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted propyleneand R¹ is —C(O)N(CH₃)(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedpropylene and R¹ is —OC(O)NH(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted propylene and R¹ is OC(O)N(CH₃)(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹is an unsubstituted propylene and R¹ is —OC(O)N(CH₂CH₃)(CH₂CH₃). Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted propylene and R¹ is—C(S)N(CH₃)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted propyleneand R¹ is —C(S)N(CH₃)(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedpropylene and R¹ is —C(S)NH(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedpropylene and R¹ is —C(S)N(CH₂CH₃)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted propylene and R¹ is —CH₂CH₂CH₃. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted propylene and R¹ is —C(O)OCH₂CH₂CH₃. In embodiments, L¹ isan unsubstituted propylene and R¹ is —C(O)OCH₂CH₃. In embodiments, L¹ isan unsubstituted propylene and R¹ is —CH₂C(CH₂)(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹is an unsubstituted propylene and R¹ is —C(CH₂)(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹is an unsubstituted propylene and R¹ is C(CH₂)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments,L¹ is an unsubstituted propylene and R¹ is —C(CHCH₃)(CH₃). Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted propylene and R¹ is C(C(CH₃)₂)(CH₃).

In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ isunsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propyleneand R¹ is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedn-propylene and R¹ is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is unsubstituted isopropyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is unsubstitutedbutyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ isunsubstituted isobutyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedn-propylene and R¹ is unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is trifluoromethyl. In embodiments, L¹is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is trichloromethyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is unsubstitutedmethoxy. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ isunsubstituted ethoxy. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propyleneand R¹ is trifluoromethoxy. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedn-propylene and R¹ is —OH. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedn-propylene and R¹ is unsubstituted cyclopropyl. In embodiments, L¹ isan unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is unsubstituted cyclobutyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is unsubstitutedcyclopentyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹is unsubstituted oxetanyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedn-propylene and R¹ is methyl-substituted oxetanyl. In embodiments, L¹ isan unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is unsubstituted piperidinyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is unsubstitutedoxanyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ isunsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedn-propylene and R¹ is unsubstituted cyclohexyl. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is hydroxyl substituted cyclohexyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is —CN. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is unsubstitutedethynyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is—C(O)CH(CH₃)₂. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹is —CH(CH₃)₂. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹is —COOH. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is—C(O)OMe. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is—C(O)OEt. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is—C(O)OCH(CH₃)₂. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene andR¹ is —C(O)OCH₂CH₂OCH₃. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedn-propylene and R¹ is —C(O)OCH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₃. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is —C(O)O(methyl substitutedcyclobutyl). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹is —C(O)O(methyl substituted cyclopropyl). In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is —C(O)N(CH₃)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments,L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is —C(O)N(CH₃)(CH₃). Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is —OC(O)NH(CH₃).In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is—OC(O)N(CH₃)(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propyleneand R¹ is —OC(O)N(CH₂CH₃)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is —C(S)N(CH₃)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments,L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is —C(S)N(CH₃)(CH₃). Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is —C(S)NH(CH₃).In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is—C(S)N(CH₂CH₃)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedn-propylene and R¹ is —CH₂CH₂CH₃. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedn-propylene and R¹ is —C(O)OCH₂CH₂CH₃. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is —C(O)OCH₂CH₃. In embodiments, L¹ isan unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is CH₂C(CH₂)(CH₃). In embodiments,L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is —C(CH₂)(CH₃). Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene and R¹ is—C(CH₂)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propylene andR¹ is —C(CHCH₃)(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-propyleneand R¹ is —C(C(CH₃)₂)(CH₃).

In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ isunsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butyleneand R¹ is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedn-butylene and R¹ is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is unsubstituted isopropyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is unsubstitutedbutyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ isunsubstituted isobutyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedn-butylene and R¹ is unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is trifluoromethyl. In embodiments, L¹is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is trichloromethyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is unsubstitutedmethoxy. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ isunsubstituted ethoxy. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butyleneand R¹ is trifluoromethoxy. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedn-butylene and R¹ is —OH. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedn-butylene and R¹ is unsubstituted cyclopropyl. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is unsubstituted cyclobutyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is unsubstitutedcyclopentyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ isunsubstituted oxetanyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedn-butylene and R¹ is methyl-substituted oxetanyl. In embodiments, L¹ isan unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is unsubstituted piperidinyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is unsubstitutedoxanyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ isunsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedn-butylene and R¹ is unsubstituted cyclohexyl. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is hydroxyl substituted cyclohexyl. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is —CN. Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is unsubstitutedethynyl. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is—C(O)CH(CH₃)₂. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹is —CH(CH₃)₂. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹is —COOH. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is—C(O)OMe. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is—C(O)OEt. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is—C(O)OCH(CH₃)₂. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹is —C(O)OCH₂CH₂OCH₃. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butyleneand R¹ is C(O)OCH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₃. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedn-butylene and R¹ is —C(O)O(methyl substituted cyclobutyl). Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is C(O)O(methylsubstituted cyclopropyl). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedn-butylene and R¹ is —C(O)N(CH₃)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is —C(O)N(CH₃)(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is —OC(O)NH(CH₃). In embodiments,L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is —OC(O)N(CH₃)(CH₃). Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is—OC(O)N(CH₂CH₃)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedn-butylene and R¹ is —C(S)N(CH₃)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is —C(S)N(CH₃)(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is —C(S)NH(CH₃).

In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is—C(S)N(CH₂CH₃)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedn-butylene and R¹ is —CH₂CH₂CH₃. In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstitutedn-butylene and R¹ is —C(O)OCH₂CH₂CH₃. In embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is —C(O)OCH₂CH₃. In embodiments, L¹ isan unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is —CH₂C(CH₂)(CH₃). In embodiments,L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is —C(CH₂)(CH₃). Inembodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene and R¹ is—C(CH₂)(CH₂CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butylene andR¹ is C(CHCH₃)(CH₃). In embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted n-butyleneand R¹ is —C(C(CH₃)₂)(CH₃).

In embodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and ring A is phenyl and R² is halo. Inembodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and ring A is phenyl and R² is chloro. Inembodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is phenyl and R² is fluoro. Inembodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is phenyl and R² is iodo. Inembodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is phenyl and R² is bromo. Inembodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is phenyl and R² is CH₃. Inembodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is phenyl and R² is CH₂CH₃. Inembodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is phenyl and R² is OCH₃. Inembodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is phenyl and R² is OCH₂CH₃. Inembodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is phenyl and R² is CF₃. Inembodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is benzo[d][1,3]dioxolyl and zis 0. In embodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is phenyl and z is 0.

In embodiments, L² is SO₂— and Ring A is phenyl and R² is halo. Inembodiments, L² is SO₂— and Ring A is phenyl and R² is chloro. Inembodiments, L² is SO₂— and Ring A is phenyl and R² is fluoro. Inembodiments, L² is SO₂— and Ring A is phenyl and R² is iodo. Inembodiments, L² is SO₂— and Ring A is phenyl and R² is bromo. Inembodiments, L² is SO₂— and Ring A is phenyl and R² is CH₃. Inembodiments, L² is SO₂— and Ring A is phenyl and R² is CH₂CH₃. Inembodiments, L² is SO₂— and Ring A is phenyl and R² is OCH₃. Inembodiments, L² is SO₂— and Ring A is phenyl and R² is OCH₂CH₃. Inembodiments, L² is SO₂— and Ring A is phenyl and R² is CF₃. Inembodiments, L² is SO₂— and Ring A is benzo[d][1,3]dioxolyl and z is 0.In embodiments, L² is SO₂— and Ring A is phenyl and z is 0.

In embodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is pyridinyl. In embodiments,L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is pyrimidinyl. In embodiments, L² isC(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is thiophenyl. In embodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— andRing A is thienyl. In embodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A isfuranyl. In embodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is indolyl. Inembodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is benzoxadiazolyl. Inembodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is benzodioxolyl. Inembodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is benzodioxanyl. Inembodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is thianaphthanyl. Inembodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is pyrrolopyridinyl. Inembodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is indazolyl. In embodiments, L²is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is quinolinyl. In embodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂—and Ring A is quinoxalinyl. In embodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring Ais pyridopyrazinyl. In embodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A isquinazolinonyl. In embodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A isbenzoisoxazolyl. In embodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A isimidazopyridinyl. In embodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A isbenzofuranyl. In embodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A isbenzothienyl. In embodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A isbenzothiophenyl. In embodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is phenyl.In embodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is naphthyl. In embodiments,L² is C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is biphenyl. In embodiments, L² is C(O)OCH₂—and Ring A is pyrrolyl. In embodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A ispyrazolyl. In embodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is imidazolyl. Inembodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is pyrazinyl. In embodiments,L² is —C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is oxazolyl. In embodiments, L² is—C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is isoxazolyl. In embodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂—and Ring A is thiazolyl. In embodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A isfurylthienyl. In embodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is pyridyl. Inembodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is pyrimidyl. In embodiments,L² is —C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is benzothiazolyl. In embodiments, L² is—C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is purinyl. In embodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂— andRing A is benzimidazolyl. In embodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A isisoquinolyl. In embodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A isthiadiazolyl. In embodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A isoxadiazolyl. In embodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is pyrrolyl. Inembodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is diazolyl. In embodiments, L²is —C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is triazolyl. In embodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂—and Ring A is tetrazolyl. In embodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A isbenzothiadiazolyl. In embodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A isisothiazolyl. In embodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A ispyrazolopyrimidinyl. In embodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A ispyrrolopyrimidinyl. In embodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A isbenzotriazolyl. In embodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A isbenzoxazolyl. In embodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is quinolyl.In embodiments, L² is —C(O)OCH₂— and Ring A is benzo[d][1,3]dioxolyl.

In embodiments, the compound has a greater binding affinity for sigma 2receptor over sigma 1 receptor (e.g., binds sigma 2 receptor with 1.1,1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65,66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83,84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100,200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000,6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000,70000, 80000, 90000, 100000, 100000, 200000, 300000, 400000, 500000,600000, 700000, 800000, 900000, or 1000000 fold the affinity for sigma 1receptor).

In embodiments, the compound has a greater binding affinity for sigma 2receptor over serotonin transporter (e.g., binds sigma 2 receptor with1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64,65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82,83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100,200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000,6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000,70000, 80000, 90000, 100000, 100000, 200000, 300000, 400000, 500000,600000, 700000, 800000, 900000, or 1000000 fold the affinity forserotonin transporter).

In embodiments, the compound has a greater binding affinity for sigma 2receptor over norepinephrine transporter (e.g., binds sigma 2 receptorwith 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62,63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80,81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98,99, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000,5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000,60000, 70000, 80000, 90000, 100000, 100000, 200000, 300000, 400000,500000, 600000, 700000, 800000, 900000, or 1000000 fold the affinity fornorepinephrine transporter).

In embodiments, the compound has a greater binding affinity for sigma 2receptor over dopamine transporter (e.g., binds sigma 2 receptor with1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64,65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82,83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100,200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000,6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000,70000, 80000, 90000, 100000, 100000, 200000, 300000, 400000, 500000,600000, 700000, 800000, 900000, or 1000000 fold the affinity fordopamine transporter).

In embodiments, the compound has a greater binding affinity for sigma 2receptor over serotonin receptor (e.g., binds sigma 2 receptor with 1.1,1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65,66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83,84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100,200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000,6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000,70000, 80000, 90000, 100000, 100000, 200000, 300000, 400000, 500000,600000, 700000, 800000, 900000, or 1000000 fold the affinity forserotonin receptor).

In embodiments, the compound has a greater binding affinity for sigma 2receptor over dopamine receptor (e.g., binds sigma 2 receptor with 1.1,1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65,66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83,84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100,200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000,6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000,70000, 80000, 90000, 100000, 100000, 200000, 300000, 400000, 500000,600000, 700000, 800000, 900000, or 1000000 fold the affinity fordopamine receptor).

In embodiments, the compound has a greater binding affinity for sigma 2receptor over nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (e.g., binds sigma 2receptor with 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60,61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78,79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96,97, 98, 99, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000,3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 10000, 20000, 30000,40000, 50000, 60000, 70000, 80000, 90000, 100000, 100000, 200000,300000, 400000, 500000, 600000, 700000, 800000, 900000, or 1000000 foldthe affinity for nicotinic acetylcholine receptor).

In embodiments, the compound has a greater binding affinity for sigma 2receptor over muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (e.g., binds sigma 2receptor with 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60,61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78,79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96,97, 98, 99, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000,3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 10000, 20000, 30000,40000, 50000, 60000, 70000, 80000, 90000, 100000, 100000, 200000,300000, 400000, 500000, 600000, 700000, 800000, 900000, or 1000000 foldthe affinity for muscarinic acetylcholine receptor).

In embodiments, the compound has a greater binding affinity for sigma 2receptor over opioid receptor (e.g., binds sigma 2 receptor with 1.1,1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65,66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83,84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100,200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000,6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000,70000, 80000, 90000, 100000, 100000, 200000, 300000, 400000, 500000,600000, 700000, 800000, 900000, or 1000000 fold the affinity for opioidreceptor).

In embodiments, the compound has a greater binding affinity forprogesterone receptor membrane component 1 over sigma 1 receptor (e.g.,binds progesterone receptor membrane component 1 with 1.1, 1.2, 1.3,1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49,50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67,68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85,86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 200, 300,400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000,8000, 9000, 10000, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000, 70000,80000, 90000, 100000, 100000, 200000, 300000, 400000, 500000, 600000,700000, 800000, 900000, or 1000000 fold the affinity for sigma 1receptor).

In embodiments, the compound has a greater binding affinity forprogesterone receptor membrane component 1 over serotonin transporter(e.g., binds progesterone receptor membrane component 1 with 1.1, 1.2,1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48,49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66,67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84,85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 200,300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000,7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000,70000, 80000, 90000, 100000, 100000, 200000, 300000, 400000, 500000,600000, 700000, 800000, 900000, or 1000000 fold the affinity forserotonin transporter).

In embodiments, the compound has a greater binding affinity forprogesterone receptor membrane component 1 over norepinephrinetransporter (e.g., binds progesterone receptor membrane component 1 with1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64,65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82,83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100,200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000,6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000,70000, 80000, 90000, 100000, 100000, 200000, 300000, 400000, 500000,600000, 700000, 800000, 900000, or 1000000 fold the affinity fornorepinephrine transporter).

In embodiments, the compound has a greater binding affinity forprogesterone receptor membrane component 1 over dopamine transporter(e.g., binds progesterone receptor membrane component 1 with 1.1, 1.2,1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48,49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66,67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84,85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 200,300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000,7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000,70000, 80000, 90000, 100000, 100000, 200000, 300000, 400000, 500000,600000, 700000, 800000, 900000, or 1000000 fold the affinity fordopamine transporter).

In embodiments, the compound has a greater binding affinity forprogesterone receptor membrane component 1 over serotonin receptor(e.g., binds progesterone receptor membrane component 1 with 1.1, 1.2,1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48,49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66,67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84,85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 200,300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000,7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000,70000, 80000, 90000, 100000, 100000, 200000, 300000, 400000, 500000,600000, 700000, 800000, 900000, or 1000000 fold the affinity forserotonin receptor).

In embodiments, the compound has a greater binding affinity forprogesterone receptor membrane component 1 over dopamine receptor (e.g.,binds progesterone receptor membrane component 1 with 1.1, 1.2, 1.3,1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49,50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67,68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85,86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 200, 300,400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000,8000, 9000, 10000, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000, 70000,80000, 90000, 100000, 100000, 200000, 300000, 400000, 500000, 600000,700000, 800000, 900000, or 1000000 fold the affinity for dopaminereceptor).

In embodiments, the compound has a greater binding affinity forprogesterone receptor membrane component 1 over nicotinic acetylcholinereceptor (e.g., binds progesterone receptor membrane component 1 with1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64,65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82,83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100,200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000,6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000,70000, 80000, 90000, 100000, 100000, 200000, 300000, 400000, 500000,600000, 700000, 800000, 900000, or 1000000 fold the affinity fornicotinic acetylcholine receptor).

In embodiments, the compound has a greater binding affinity forprogesterone receptor membrane component 1 over muscarinic acetylcholinereceptor (e.g., binds progesterone receptor membrane component 1 with1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64,65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82,83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100,200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000,6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000,70000, 80000, 90000, 100000, 100000, 200000, 300000, 400000, 500000,600000, 700000, 800000, 900000, or 1000000 fold the affinity formuscarinic acetylcholine receptor).

In embodiments, the compound has a greater binding affinity forprogesterone receptor membrane component 1 over opioid receptor (e.g.,binds progesterone receptor membrane component 1 with 1.1, 1.2, 1.3,1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49,50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67,68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85,86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 200, 300,400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000,8000, 9000, 10000, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000, 70000,80000, 90000, 100000, 100000, 200000, 300000, 400000, 500000, 600000,700000, 800000, 900000, or 1000000 fold the affinity for opioidreceptor).

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In embodiments, the compound is a compound described herein, includingin an aspect, embodiment, example, table, figure, scheme, or claim. Inembodiments, the compound is a compound described in table 1. Inembodiments, the compound is a compound described in table 3. Inembodiments, the compound is a compound described in table 4. Inembodiments, the compound is a compound described in table 5. Inembodiments, the compound is a compound described in table 6. Inembodiments, the compound is a compound described in table 7.

In embodiments, L¹-R¹ is not unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R¹ isnot hydrogen, unsubstituted methyl, —C(O)R⁹, or —C(S)NR⁷R⁸, when L¹ is abond. In embodiments, R¹ is not hydrogen, unsubstituted methyl, —C(O)R⁹,or —C(S)NR⁷R⁸, when L¹ is a bond. In embodiments, R¹ is not hydrogenwhen L¹ is a bond. In embodiments, R¹ is not unsubstituted methyl whenL¹ is a bond. In embodiments, R¹ is not —C(O)R⁹ when L¹ is a bond. Inembodiments, R¹ is not —C(S)NR⁷R⁸, when L¹ is a bond. In embodiments,L¹⁻-R¹ is not-CH₂CH═CH₂.

In embodiments, R⁷ is not hydrogen. In embodiments, R⁷ is not halogen.In embodiments, R⁷ is not —CX₃. In embodiments, R⁷ is not —CN. Inembodiments, R⁷ is not —OH. In embodiments, R⁷ is not —NH₂. Inembodiments, R⁷ is not —COOH. In embodiments, R⁷ is not —CONH₂. Inembodiments, R⁷ is not —NO₂. In embodiments, R⁷ is not —SH. Inembodiments, R⁷ is not —SO₃H. In embodiments, R⁷ is not —SO₄H. Inembodiments, R⁷ is not —SO₂NH₂. In embodiments, R⁷ is not NHNH₂. Inembodiments, R⁷ is not ONH₂. In embodiments, R⁷ is not NHC═(O)NHNH₂. Inembodiments, R⁷ is not NHC═(O) NH₂. In embodiments, R⁷ is not —NHSO₂H.In embodiments, R⁷ is not —NHC═(O)H. In embodiments, R⁷ is not—NHC(O)—OH. In embodiments, R⁷ is not —NHOH. In embodiments, R⁷ is not—OCX₃. In embodiments, R⁷ is not —OCHX₂. In embodiments, R⁷ is notsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is notsubstituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl. Inembodiments, R⁷ is not substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. Inembodiments, R⁷ is not substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is not substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is not substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R⁷ is not unsubstituted C₁-C₈alkyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is not unsubstituted 2 to 8 memberedheteroalkyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is not unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl.In embodiments, R⁷ is not unsubstituted 3 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is not unsubstituted phenyl. Inembodiments, R⁷ is not unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R⁸ is not hydrogen. In embodiments, R⁸ is not halogen.In embodiments, R⁸ is not —CX₃. In embodiments, R⁸ is not —CN. Inembodiments, R⁸ is not —OH. In embodiments, R⁸ is not —NH₂. Inembodiments, R⁸ is not —COOH. In embodiments, R⁸ is not —CONH₂. Inembodiments, R⁸ is not —NO₂. In embodiments, R⁸ is not —SH. Inembodiments, R⁸ is not —SO₃H. In embodiments, R⁸ is not —SO₄H. Inembodiments, R⁸ is not —SO₂NH₂. In embodiments, R⁸ is not NHNH₂. Inembodiments, R⁸ is not ONH₂. In embodiments, R⁸ is not NHC═(O)NHNH₂. Inembodiments, R⁸ is not NHC═(O) NH₂. In embodiments, R⁸ is not —NHSO₂H.In embodiments, R⁸ is not —NHC═(O)H. In embodiments, R⁸ is not—NHC(O)—OH. In embodiments, R⁸ is not —NHOH. In embodiments, R⁸ is not—OCX₃. In embodiments, R⁸ is not —OCHX₂. In embodiments, R⁸ is notsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is notsubstituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl. Inembodiments, R⁸ is not substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. Inembodiments, R⁸ is not substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is not substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is not substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R⁸ is not unsubstituted C₁-C₈alkyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is not unsubstituted 2 to 8 memberedheteroalkyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is not unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl.In embodiments, R⁸ is not unsubstituted 3 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is not unsubstituted phenyl. Inembodiments, R⁸ is not unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. Inembodiments, R⁹ is not hydrogen. In embodiments, R⁹ is not halogen. Inembodiments, R⁹ is not —CX₃. In embodiments, R⁹ is not —CN. Inembodiments, R⁹ is not —OH. In embodiments, R⁹ is not —NH₂. Inembodiments, R⁹ is not —COOH. In embodiments, R⁹ is not —CONH₂. Inembodiments, R⁹ is not —NO₂. In embodiments, R⁹ is not —SH. Inembodiments, R⁹ is not —SO₃H. In embodiments, R⁹ is not —SO₄H. Inembodiments, R⁹ is not —SO₂NH₂. In embodiments, R⁹ is not NHNH₂. Inembodiments, R⁹ is not ONH₂. In embodiments, R⁹ is not —NHC═(O)NHNH₂. Inembodiments, R⁹ is not NHC═(O) NH₂. In embodiments, R⁹ is not —NHSO₂H.In embodiments, R⁹ is not —NHC═(O)H. In embodiments, R⁹ is not—NHC(O)—OH. In embodiments, R⁹ is not —NHOH. In embodiments, R⁹ is not—OCX₃. In embodiments, R⁹ is not —OCHX₂. In embodiments, R⁹ is notsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁹ is notsubstituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl. Inembodiments, R⁹ is not substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. Inembodiments, R⁹ is not substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R⁹ is not substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl. In embodiments, R⁹ is not substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R⁹ is not unsubstituted C₁-C₈alkyl. In embodiments, R⁹ is not unsubstituted 2 to 8 memberedheteroalkyl. In embodiments, R⁹ is not unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl.In embodiments, R⁹ is not unsubstituted 3 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R⁹ is not unsubstituted phenyl. Inembodiments, R⁹ is not unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.

In embodiments, the compound is not

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In embodiments, the compound is not a compound described inWO2015009742.

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In embodiments, the compound is not

R^(1pp) R^(2pp)

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In embodiments, the compound is not:

R^(1p) is independently hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(p) ₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂,—COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂,—NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH,—OCX^(p) ₃, —OCHX^(p) ₂, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. R^(2p) ishydrogen, halogen, —CX^(1p) ₃, —CHX^(1p) ₂, —CH₂X^(1p), —CN,—NR^(7p)R^(8′), —C(O)R^(9p), —C(O)OR^(9p), —C(O)NR^(7p)R^(8p),—OR^(10p), —OC(O)OR^(9p), —OC(O)NR^(7p)R^(8p), —OC(O)R^(9p),—C(S)R^(9p), —C(S)OR^(9p), —C(S)NR^(7p)R^(8p), —SR^(10p), —OC(S)OR^(9p),—OC(S)NR^(7p)R^(8p), —OC(S)R^(9p), substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.R^(7p), R^(8p), R^(9p), and R^(10p) are independently hydrogen, halogen,—CX^(p) ₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H,—SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H,—NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCX^(p) ₃, —OCHX^(p) ₂, substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 memberedheteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl; R^(7p) and R^(8p) substituents bonded to the same nitrogenatom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 3to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6membered heteroaryl. The symbol z is an integer from 0 to 5. The symbolsX^(p) and X^(1p) are independently —Cl, —Br, —I, or —F.

In embodiments, R^(1p) is independently hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(p) ₃,—CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂,—ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,—NHOH, —OCX^(p) ₃, —OCHX^(p) ₂, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstitutedheteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl,unsubstituted aryl or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R^(1p)is unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl,unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, unsubstituted 3 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted phenyl, or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl. In embodiments, R^(1p) is unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl. Inembodiments, R^(1p) is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(1p)is unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(1p) is unsubstitutedC₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(1p) is unsubstituted C₁-C₂ alkyl. Inembodiments, R^(1p) is unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(1p)is unsubstituted C₃-C₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(1p) is unsubstitutedC₄-C₆ alkyl.

In embodiments, R^(2p) is independently substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted C₄-C₆ cycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted 4 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl. In embodiments, R^(2p) is substituted or unsubstituted 3 to6 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R^(2p) is substituted orunsubstituted 4 to 6 membered heteroalkyl.

In embodiments, R^(2p) is hydrogen, R^(3p)-substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, R^(3p)-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl,R^(3p)-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R^(3p)-substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R² is independently hydrogen,R^(3p)-substituted or unsubstituted C₄-C₆ cycloalkyl, R^(3p)-substitutedor unsubstituted 4 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, R^(3p)-substituted orunsubstituted phenyl, or R^(3p)-substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R^(2p) is independently hydrogen.In embodiments, R² is independently R^(3p)-substituted or unsubstitutedC₄-C₆ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R^(2p) is independentlyR^(3p)-substituted or unsubstituted 4 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. Inembodiments, R^(2p) is independently R^(3p)-substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl. In embodiments, R^(2p) is independently R^(3p)-substituted orunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R^(2p) isindependently unsubstituted C₄-C₆ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R^(2p) isunsubstituted 4 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R^(2p)is unsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, R² is unsubstituted 5 to 6membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R^(2p) is independentlyR^(3p)-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl or independentlyR^(3p)-substituted heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R^(2p) isindependently R^(3p)-substituted phenyl or independentlyR^(3p)-substituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.

R^(3p) is independently halogen, oxo, —CF₃, —CCl₃, —CN, —S(O)CH₃, —OH,—NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —C(O)CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂OH, —SH, —SO₃H,—SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H,—NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl. Two adjacent R^(3p) substituents mayoptionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstitued cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R^(3p) is independently halogen, oxo, —CF₃, —CCl₃, —CN,—S(O)CH₃, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —C(O)CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂OH,—SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂,—NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, substitutedor unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 6membered heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5to 6 membered heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R^(3p) is independently halogen, oxo, —CF₃, —CCl₃, —CN,—S(O)CH₃, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —C(O)CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂OH,—SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂,—NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂,R^(4p)-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R^(4p)-substituted orunsubstituted heteroalkyl, R^(4p)-substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, R^(4p)-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl,R^(4p)-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R^(4p)-substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, two adjacent R^(3p)substituents may optionally be joined to form an R^(4p)-substituted orunsubstitued cycloalkyl, R^(4p)-substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl, R^(4p)-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, orR^(4p)-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R^(3p)is independently R^(4p)-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl,R^(4p)-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments,R^(3p) is independently R^(4p)-substituted or unsubstituted phenyl orR^(4p)-substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.

R^(4p) is independently halogen, oxo, —CF₃, —CCl₃, —CN, —S(O)CH₃, —OH,—NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —C(O)CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂OH, —SH, —SO₃H,—SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H,—NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl,unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, or unsubstituted heteroaryl. Inembodiments, R^(4p) is independently hydrogen, unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl, unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R^(4p)is independently unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heteroalkyl. Inembodiments, R^(4p) is independently unsubstituted 4 to 6 memberedheteroalkyl. In embodiments, R^(4p) is independently halogen, oxo, —CF₃,—CCl₃, —CN, —S(O)CH₃, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —C(O)CH₃, —CH₂CH₃,—CH₂CH₂OH, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂,—NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂,unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl,unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, unsubstituted 3 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted phenyl, or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl.

Each R^(7p), R^(8p), R^(9p), and R^(10p) may independently be hydrogen,halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H,—SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H,—NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 memberedheteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl. Each R^(7p), R^(8p), R^(9p), and R^(10p) may independentlybe hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted orunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. Each R^(7p), R^(8p), R^(9p),and R^(10p) may independently be hydrogen, unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl,unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl,unsubstituted phenyl, or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. EachR^(7p), R^(8p), R^(9p), and R^(10p) may independently be hydrogen,substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2to 6 membered heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted orunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. Each R^(7p), R^(8p), R^(9p),and R^(10p) may independently be hydrogen, unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, unsubstituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl,unsubstituted phenyl, or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. EachR^(7p), R^(8p), R^(9p), and R^(10p) may independently be hydrogen,substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2to 4 membered heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₄-C₆cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 4 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted orunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. Each R^(7p), R^(8p), R^(9p),and R^(10p) may independently be hydrogen, unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl,unsubstituted 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl, unsubstituted C₄-C₆cycloalkyl, unsubstituted 4 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl,unsubstituted phenyl, or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. EachR^(7p), R^(8p), R^(9p), and R^(10p) may independently be hydrogen,substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2to 3 membered heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted orunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. Each R^(7p), R^(8p), R^(9p),and R^(10p) may independently be hydrogen, unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl,unsubstituted 2 to 3 membered heteroalkyl, unsubstituted C₅-C₆cycloalkyl, unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl,unsubstituted phenyl, or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. EachR⁷ and R^(8p) substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may bejoined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 4 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. Each R⁷ and R^(8p)substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may be joined to form anunsubstituted 4 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl or unsubstituted 5 to 6membered heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R^(7p), R^(8p), R^(9p), and R^(10p) are independentlyhydrogen, halogen, —CX^(p) ₃, —CN, —COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 5 memberedheteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted 4 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. Inembodiments, R^(7p), R^(8p), R^(9p), and R^(10p) are independentlyhydrogen, —CX^(p) ₃, —COOH, —CONH₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl.

In embodiments, R^(7p) is hydrogen. In embodiments, R^(7p) is halogen.In embodiments, R^(7p) is CX₃. In embodiments, R^(7p) is CN. Inembodiments, R^(7p) is OH. In embodiments, R^(7p) is NH₂. Inembodiments, R^(7p) is COOH. In embodiments, R^(7p) is CONH₂. Inembodiments, R^(7p) is NO₂. In embodiments, R^(7p) is SH. Inembodiments, R^(7p) is SO₃H. In embodiments, R^(7p) is SO₄H. Inembodiments, R^(7p) is SO₂NH₂. In embodiments, R^(7p) is NHNH₂. Inembodiments, R^(7p) is ONH₂. In embodiments, R^(7p) is NHC═(O)NHNH₂. Inembodiments, R^(7p) is NHC═(O) NH₂. In embodiments, R^(7p) is NHSO₂H. Inembodiments, R^(7p) is NHC═(O)H. In embodiments, R^(7p) is NHC(O)—OH. Inembodiments, R^(7p) is NHOH. In embodiments, R^(7p) is —OCX₃. Inembodiments, R^(7p) is OCHX¹ ₂. In embodiments, R^(7p) is substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(7p) is substituted orunsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R^(7p) issubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R^(7p) issubstituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. Inembodiments, R^(7p) is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. Inembodiments, R^(7p) is substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl. In embodiments, R^(7p) is unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. Inembodiments, R^(7p) is unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl. Inembodiments, R^(7p) is unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In embodiments,R^(7p) is unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. Inembodiments, R^(7p) is unsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, R^(7p) isunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R^(7p) isunsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R^(7p) is unsubstituted ethyl. Inembodiments, R^(7p) is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R^(7p) isunsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R^(7p) is unsubstituted butyl.In embodiments, R^(7p) is unsubstituted tert-butyl.

In embodiments, R^(8p) is hydrogen. In embodiments, R^(8p) is halogen.In embodiments, R^(8p) is CX^(p) ₃. In embodiments, R^(8p) is CN. Inembodiments, R^(8p) is OH. In embodiments, R^(8p) is NH₂. Inembodiments, R^(8p) is COOH. In embodiments, R^(8p) is CONH₂. Inembodiments, R^(8p) is NO₂. In embodiments, R^(8p) is SH. Inembodiments, R^(8p) is SO₃H. In embodiments, R^(8p) is SO₄H. Inembodiments, R^(8p) is SO₂NH₂. In embodiments, R^(8p) is NHNH₂. Inembodiments, R^(8p) is ONH₂. In embodiments, R^(8p) is NHC═(O)NHNH₂. Inembodiments, R^(8p) is NHC═(O) NH₂. In embodiments, R^(8p) is NHSO₂H. Inembodiments, R^(8p) is NHC═(O)H. In embodiments, R^(8p) is NHC(O)—OH. Inembodiments, R^(8p) is NHOH. In embodiments, R^(8p) is —OCX₃. Inembodiments, R^(8p) is OCHX¹ ₂. In embodiments, R^(8p) is substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(8p) is substituted orunsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R^(8p) issubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R^(8p) issubstituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. Inembodiments, R^(8p) is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. Inembodiments, R^(8p) is substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl. In embodiments, R^(8p) is unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. Inembodiments, R^(8p) is unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl. Inembodiments, R^(8p) is unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In embodiments,R^(8p) is unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. Inembodiments, R^(8p) is unsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, R^(8p) isunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R^(8p) isunsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R^(8p) is unsubstituted ethyl. Inembodiments, R^(8p) is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R^(8p) isunsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R^(8p) is unsubstituted butyl.In embodiments, R^(8p) is unsubstituted tert-butyl.

In embodiments, R^(9p) is hydrogen. In embodiments, R^(9p) is halogen.In embodiments, R^(9p) is CX^(p) ₃. In embodiments, R^(9p) is CN. Inembodiments, R^(9p) is OH. In embodiments, R^(9p) is NH₂. Inembodiments, R^(9p) is COOH. In embodiments, R^(9p) is CONH₂. Inembodiments, R^(9p) is NO₂. In embodiments, R^(9p) is SH. Inembodiments, R^(9p) is SO₃H. In embodiments, R^(9p) is SO₄H. Inembodiments, R^(9p) is SO₂NH₂. In embodiments, R^(9p) is NHNH₂. Inembodiments, R^(9p) is ONH₂. In embodiments, R^(9p) is NHC═(O)NHNH₂. Inembodiments, R^(9p) is NHC═(O) NH₂. In embodiments, R^(9p) is NHSO₂H. Inembodiments, R^(9p) is NHC═(O)H. In embodiments, R^(9p) is NHC(O)—OH. Inembodiments, R^(9p) is NHOH. In embodiments, R^(9p) is —OCX₃. Inembodiments, R^(9p) is OCHX¹ ₂. In embodiments, R^(9p) is substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(9p) is substituted orunsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R^(9p) issubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R^(9p) issubstituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. Inembodiments, R^(9p) is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. Inembodiments, R^(9p) is substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl. In embodiments, R^(9p) is unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. Inembodiments, R^(9p) is unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl. Inembodiments, R^(9p) is unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In embodiments,R^(9p) is unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. Inembodiments, R^(8p) is unsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, R^(8p) isunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R^(8p) isunsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R^(8p) is unsubstituted ethyl. Inembodiments, R^(8p) is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R^(8p) isunsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R^(8p) is unsubstituted butyl.In embodiments, R^(8p) is unsubstituted tert-butyl.

In embodiments, R^(10p) is hydrogen. In embodiments, R^(10p) is halogen.In embodiments, R^(10p) is CX^(p) ₃. In embodiments, R^(10p) is —CN. Inembodiments, R^(10p) is OH. In embodiments, R^(10p) is —NH₂. Inembodiments, R^(10p) is COOH. In embodiments, R^(10p) is CONH₂. Inembodiments, R^(10p) is NO₂. In embodiments, R^(10p) is SH. Inembodiments, R^(10p) is SO₃H. In embodiments, R^(10p) is SO₄H. Inembodiments, R^(10p) is SO₂NH₂. In embodiments, R^(10p) is NHNH₂. Inembodiments, R^(10p) is ONH₂. In embodiments, R^(10p) is NHC═(O)NHNH₂.In embodiments, R^(10p) is NHC═(O) NH₂. In embodiments, R^(10p) isNHSO₂H. In embodiments, R^(10p) is NHC═(O)H. In embodiments, R^(10p) isNHC(O)—OH. In embodiments, R^(10p) is NHOH. In embodiments, R^(10p) is—OCX₃. In embodiments, R^(10p) is OCHX^(p) ₂. In embodiments, R^(10p) issubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(10p) issubstituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl. Inembodiments, R^(10p) is substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl.In embodiments, R^(10p) is substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R^(10p) is substituted orunsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, R^(10p) is substituted orunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R^(10p) isunsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(10p) is unsubstituted 2 to8 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R^(10p) is unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R^(10p) is unsubstituted 3 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R^(10p) is unsubstituted phenyl. Inembodiments, R^(10p) is unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. Inembodiments, R^(10p) is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R^(10p) isunsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R^(10p) is unsubstituted propyl. Inembodiments, R^(10p) is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R^(10p)is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R^(10p) is unsubstitutedtert-butyl.

In embodiments, the compound is not:

In embodiments, the compound is not:

In embodiments, the compound is not:

L^(1p) is a bond, —C(O)—, —S(O)₂—, substituted or unsubstitutedmethylene, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 4 memberedheteroalkylene. In embodiments, L^(1p) is a bond. In embodiments, L^(1p)is C(O)—. In embodiments, L^(1p) is —S(O)₂—. In embodiments, L^(1p) isunsubstituted methylene. In embodiments, L^(1p) is C(S)NHCH₂CH₂—. Inembodiments, L^(1p) is substituted 2 to 4 membered heteroalkylene. Inembodiments, L^(1p) is unsubstituted 2 to 4 membered heteroalkylene. Inembodiments, L^(1p) is thioxo substituted 2 to 4 memberedheteroalkylene.

In embodiments, R^(1p) is independently substituted alkyl. Inembodiments, R^(1p) is independently substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl. Inembodiments, R^(1p) is independently substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. Inembodiments, R^(1p) is independently oxo substituted alkyl. Inembodiments, R^(1p) is independently oxo substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl. Inembodiments, R^(1p) is independently oxo substituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. Inembodiments, R^(1p) is independently unsubstituted alkyl. Inembodiments, R^(1p) is independently unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl. Inembodiments, R^(1p) is independently unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. Inembodiments, R^(1p) is independently unsubstituted methyl. Inembodiments, R^(1p) is independently unsubstituted tert-butyl. Inembodiments, R^(1p) is independently substituted 2 to 4 memberedheteroalkylene. In embodiments, R^(1p) is independently thioxosubstituted 2 to 4 membered heteroalkylene. In embodiments, R^(1p) isindependently thioxo, phenyl substituted 2 to 4 membered heteroalkylene.

In embodiments, R^(1p) is independently substituted or unsubstitutedaryl. In embodiments, R^(1p) is independently substituted orunsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, R^(1p) is independentlysubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, R^(1p) is independentlyunsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, R^(1p) is independentlyunsubstituted diphenyl. In embodiments, R^(1p) is independently phenylsubstituted with halogen. In embodiments, R^(1p) is independently phenylsubstituted with unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R^(1p) isindependently phenyl substituted with unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. Inembodiments, R^(1p) is independently phenyl substituted withunsubstituted methoxy. In embodiments, R^(1p) is independently phenylsubstituted with CX^(p) ₃. In embodiments, R^(1p) is independentlyphenyl substituted with CF₃. In embodiments, R^(1p) is independentlyphenyl substituted with unsubstituted phenyl.

L^(2p) is a bond, —SO₂—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —SO₂CH₂—, —C(S)NH—,—C(O)OCH₂—, —C(O)CH₂—, —C(O)CH₂CH₂—, or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkylene. Inembodiments, L^(2p) is a bond. In embodiments, L^(2p) is —SO₂—. Inembodiments, L^(2p) is —C(O)O—. In embodiments, L^(2p) is —C(O)—. Inembodiments, L^(2p) is —SO₂CH₂—. In embodiments, L^(2p) is —C(S)NH—. Inembodiments, L^(2p) is —C(O)OCH₂—. In embodiments, L^(2p) is —C(O)CH₂—.In embodiments, L^(2p) is —C(O)CH₂CH₂—. In embodiments, L^(2p) isunsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkylene.

In embodiments, R^(2p) is independently substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl. In embodiments, R^(2p) is independently unsubstituted C₁-C₈alkyl. In embodiments, R^(2p) is independently unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkyl. In embodiments, R^(2p) is independently unsubstituted C₁-C₂alkyl. In embodiments, R^(2p) is independently unsubstituted C₂-C₄alkenyl. In embodiments, R^(2p) is independently unsubstituted ethenyl.In embodiments, R^(2p) is independently substituted or unsubstituted 5to 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R^(2p) is independentlyunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R^(2p) isindependently unsubstituted 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments,R^(2p) is independently unsubstituted pyridyl. In embodiments, R^(2p) isindependently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments,R^(2p) is independently unsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, R^(2p) isindependently substituted phenyl. In embodiments, R^(2p) isindependently methoxy substituted phenyl. In embodiments, R^(2p) isindependently ethoxy substituted phenyl. In embodiments, R^(2p) isindependently phenyl independently substituted with unsubstituted 2 to 3membered alkoxy. In embodiments, R^(2p) is phenyl independentlysubstituted with unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(2p) isphenyl independently substituted with unsubstituted C₁-C₂ alkyl. Inembodiments, R^(2p) is phenyl independently substituted with halogen. Inembodiments, R^(2p) is phenyl independently substituted withunsubstituted —CN. In embodiments, R^(2p) is independently substitutedor unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R^(2p) isindependently unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R^(2p) isindependently unsubstituted C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl.

In embodiments, -L^(2p)-R^(2p) is independently

It will be understood that a compound depicted with the generalstructure

may equivalently be depicted with the general structure

It will be understood that a compound depicted with the generalstructure

may equivalently be depicted with the general structure

It will be understood that a compound depicted with the generalstructure

may equivalently be depicted with the general structure

C. Pharmaceutical Compositions

In another aspect is provided a pharmaceutical composition including apharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound, orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein, includingembodiments (e.g. in an aspect, embodiment, example, figure, table, orclaim).

In embodiments of the pharmaceutical compositions, the compound, orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is included in atherapeutically effective amount. In embodiments of the pharmaceuticalcompositions, the compound is included in a drug-eluting stent.

In embodiments of the pharmaceutical compositions, the pharmaceuticalcomposition includes a second agent (e.g. therapeutic agent). Inembodiments of the pharmaceutical compositions, the pharmaceuticalcomposition includes a second agent (e.g. therapeutic agent) in atherapeutically effective amount. In embodiments, the second agent is ananti-cancer agent. In embodiments, the second agent is ananti-inflammatory disease agent. In embodiments, the second agent is ananti-neurodegenerative disease agent. In embodiments, the second agentis an anti-cardiovascular disease agent. In embodiments, the secondagent is an analgesic agent. In embodiments, the second agent is anagent for treating a psychiatric disease.

D. Methods of Treatment

In an aspect is provided a method of treating a disease includingadministering an effective amount of a compound as described herein. Inan aspect is provided a compound as described herein for use as amedicament (e.g., for treatment of a disease). In an aspect is provideda compound as describe herein for use in the treatment of a disease(e.g., including administering an effective amount of a compound asdescribed herein).

In embodiments, the method does not induce increases in intracellularcalcium concentration (e.g. compared to control (e.g., the same methodwithout administering the compound). In embodiments, the method reducesthe level of IL-10 (e.g. compared to control). In embodiments, themethod reduces the level of TNFα (e.g. compared to control). Inembodiments, the method reduces the level of CD14 (e.g., compared tocontrol). In embodiments, the method reduces the level of IL-1β (e.g.compared to control) in the brain of a subject. In embodiments, themethod reduces the level of TNFα (e.g. compared to control) in the brainof a subject. In embodiments, the method reduces the level of CD14(e.g., compared to control) in the brain of a subject. In embodiments,the method reduces the levels of long term depression (e.g., compared tocontrol). In embodiments, the method reduces the levels of long termdepression in neurons (e.g., compared to control). In embodiments, themethod reduces the levels of neuronal long term depression (e.g.,compared to control) n. In embodiments, the method reduces the levels oflong term depression of hippocampal neurons (e.g., compared to control).In embodiments, the method reduces the levels of hippocampal long termdepression (e.g., compared to control).

In embodiments, the disease is cancer. In embodiments, the disease is anautoimmune disease. In embodiments, the disease is an inflammatorydisease. In embodiments, the disease is a neurodegenerative disease. Inembodiments, the disease is a psychiatric disease. In embodiments, thedisease is pain. In embodiments, the disease is a cardiovasculardisease. In embodiments, the disease is traumatic brain injury.

In an aspect is provided a method of treating cancer in a subject inneed thereof, the method including administering an effective amount ofa compound described herein. In embodiments, the cancer is brain cancer.In embodiments, the cancer is neuroblastoma. In embodiments, the canceris glioblastoma. In embodiments, the cancer is glioma. In embodiments,the cancer is oligodendroglioma. In embodiments, the cancer isAnaplastic astrocytoma, Astrocytoma, Central neurocytoma, Choroid plexuscarcinoma, Choroid plexus papilloma, Choroid plexus tumor,Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour, Ependymal tumor, ependymoma,Fibrillary astrocytoma, Giant-cell glioblastoma, Glioblastomamultiforme, Gliomatosis cerebri, Gliosarcoma, Hemangiopericytoma,Medulloblastoma, Medulloepithelioma, Meningeal carcinomatosis,meningioma, Neuroblastoma, Neurocytoma, Oligoastrocytoma,Oligodendroglioma, Optic nerve sheath meningioma, Pediatric ependymoma,Pilocytic astrocytoma, Pinealoblastoma, Pineocytoma, Pleomorphicanaplastic neuroblastoma, Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, Primary centralnervous system lymphoma, Sphenoid wing meningioma, Subependymal giantcell astrocytoma, Subependymoma, or Trilateral retinoblastoma.

In an aspect is provided a method to treating a neurodegenerativedisease in a subject in need thereof, the method including administeringan effective amount of a compound described herein.

In embodiments, the neurodegenerative disease is Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, progressive supranuclearpalsy, frontotemporal dementia, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Inembodiments, the neurodegenerative disease is Alzheimer's disease. Inembodiments, the neurodegenerative disease is Parkinson's disease. Inembodiments, the neurodegenerative disease is Huntington's disease. Inembodiments, the neurodegenerative disease is progressive supranuclearpalsy. In embodiments, the neurodegenerative disease is amyotrophiclateral sclerosis. In embodiments, the neurodegenerative disease isfrontotemporal dementia. In embodiments, the method increases survivalof neurons (e.g. compared to control). In embodiments, the methodincreases survival of neurons in a subject with amyotrophic lateralsclerosis (e.g., compared to control). In embodiments, the methodincreases survival of motor neurons (e.g. compared to control). Inembodiments, the method increases survival of motor neurons in a subjectwith amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (e.g., compared to control).

In an aspect is provided a method of treating drug abuse in a subject inneed thereof, the method including administering an effective amount ofa compound described herein.

In an aspect is provided a method of treating drug addiction in asubject in need thereof, the method including administering an effectiveamount of a compound described herein.

In embodiments, the drug is ethanol, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine,methamphetamine, an opiate, or an opioid.

In an aspect is provided a method of treating a psychiatric disease in asubject in need thereof, the method including administering an effectiveamount of a compound described herein.

In an aspect is provided a method of treating anxiety, depression,schizophrenia, or epilepsy in a subject in need thereof, the methodincluding administering an effective amount of a compound describedherein.

In an aspect is provided a method of treating pain in a subject in needthereof, the method including administering an effective amount of acompound described herein.

In an aspect is provided a method of treating migraine or neuropathicpain in a subject in need thereof, the method including administering aneffective amount of a compound described herein.

In an aspect is provided a method to treating an inflammatory disease ina subject in need thereof, the method including administering aneffective amount of a compound described herein. In embodiments, theinflammatory disease is associated with brain inflammation.

In an aspect is provided a method to treating a cardiovascular diseasein a subject in need thereof, the method including administering aneffective amount of a compound described herein.

In an aspect is provided a method of treating amnesia, traumatic braininjury, inflammatory pain, stroke, a cardiovascular disease, multiplesclerosis, or retinal neural degeneration in a subject in need thereof,the method including administering an effective amount of a compounddescribed herein. In an aspect is provided a method of treatingtraumatic brain injury in a subject in need thereof, the methodincluding administering an effective amount of a compound describedherein. In embodiments, the traumatic brain injury is blast traumaticbrain injury. In embodiments, the traumatic brain injury isblast-induced traumatic brain injury. In embodiments, the traumaticbrain injury is open head injury. In embodiments, the traumatic braininjury is closed head injury. In embodiments, the traumatic brain injuryis deceleration injury. In embodiments, the traumatic brain injury ischemical injury. In embodiments, the traumatic brain injury is toxicinjury. In embodiments, the traumatic brain injury is hypoxia-inducedinjury. In embodiments, the traumatic brain injury is associated withhypoxia. In embodiments, the traumatic brain injury is associated with atumor. In embodiments, the traumatic brain injury is cancer associatedinjury. In embodiments, the traumatic brain injury is associated with aninfectious agent. In embodiments, the traumatic brain injury isassociated with stroke. In embodiments, the traumatic brain injury isassociated with diffuse axonal injury. In embodiments, the traumaticbrain injury is associated with encephalitis. In embodiments, thetraumatic brain injury is associated with meningitis.

In an aspect is provided a method of modulating a sigma 2 receptor, themethod including contacting a sigma 2 receptor with a compound describedherein, thereby modulating the sigma 2 receptor.

In an aspect is provided a method of modulating progesterone receptormembrane component 1, the method including contacting a progesteronereceptor membrane component 1 with a compound described herein, therebymodulating the progesterone receptor membrane component 1.

In embodiments, the modulating is inhibiting. In embodiments, themodulating is antagonizing. In embodiments, the modulating isactivating. In embodiments, the modulating is agonizing.

In an aspect is provided a method of improving (e.g., compared tocontrol, for example the same method without administering the compound)cognition in a subject, the method including administering an effectiveamount of a compound described herein to the subject.

In another aspect is provided a method of improving (e.g., compared tocontrol, for example the same method without administering the compound)cognition in a subject in need of such treatment, the method includingadministering a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,as described herein, including embodiments (e.g. a claim, embodiment,example, table, figure, or claim) to the subject.

In another aspect is provided a compound as described herein for use asa medicament. In embodiments, the medicament may be useful for improvingcognition in a subject in need of such treatment. In embodiments, theuse may include administering a compound, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, as described herein, including embodiments(e.g. an aspect, embodiment, example, table, figure, or claim) to thesubject.

In another aspect is provided a compound for use in improving cognitionin a subject in need of such treatment. In embodiments, the use mayinclude administering a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, as described herein, including embodiments (e.g. an aspect,embodiment, example, table, figure, or claim) to the subject.

In another aspect is provided a method of increasing (e.g., compared tocontrol, for example the same method without administering the compound)cognition in a subject in need of such treatment, the method includingadministering a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,as described herein, including embodiments (e.g. a claim, embodiment,example, table, figure, or claim) to the subject.

In another aspect is provided a compound as described herein for use asa medicament. In embodiments, the medicament may be useful forincreasing cognition in a subject in need of such treatment. Inembodiments, the use may include administering a compound, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein, includingembodiments (e.g. an aspect, embodiment, example, table, figure, orclaim) to the subject.

In another aspect is provided a compound for use in increasing cognitionin a subject in need of such treatment. In embodiments, the use mayinclude administering a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, as described herein, including embodiments (e.g. an aspect,embodiment, example, table, figure, or claim) to the subject.

In another aspect is provided a method of enhancing (e.g., compared tocontrol, for example the same method without administering the compound)cognition in a subject in need of such treatment, the method includingadministering a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,as described herein, including embodiments (e.g. a claim, embodiment,example, table, figure, or claim) to the subject.

In another aspect is provided a compound as described herein for use asa medicament. In embodiments, the medicament may be useful for enhancingcognition in a subject in need of such treatment. In embodiments, theuse may include administering a compound, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, as described herein, including embodiments(e.g. an aspect, embodiment, example, table, figure, or claim) to thesubject.

In another aspect is provided a compound for use in enhancing cognitionin a subject in need of such treatment. In embodiments, the use mayinclude administering a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, as described herein, including embodiments (e.g. an aspect,embodiment, example, table, figure, or claim) to the subject.

In embodiments, the subject is suffering from a disease impairingcognition. In embodiments, the subject is not suffering from a diseaseimpairing cognition. In embodiments, the method or use includesimproving, enhancing, or increasing the subject's cognition beyond thesubject's cognition in the absence of the compound. In embodiments,cognition is the ability to learn, understand, remember, or perform amental function.

In an aspect is provided a method of treating traumatic brain injury ina subject in need thereof, including administering an effective amountof a Sigma 2 Receptor modulator (e.g., inhibitor) to the subject. Inembodiments, the Sigma 2 Receptor modulator (e.g., inhibitor) is acompound described herein or in PCT/US14/46730; Mach, R. H.; Zheng, C.;Hawkins, W. G. “The σ2 Receptor: A Novel Protein for the Imaging andTreatment of Cancer.” J. Med. Chem. 2013, 56, 7137-7160; Huang, Y. S.;Lu, H. L.; Zhang, L. J.; Wu, Z. “Sigma-2 receptor ligands and theirperspectives in cancer diagnosis and therapy.” Med. Res. Rev. 2014, 34,532-566; or Guo, L.; Zhen, X. “Sigma-2 receptor ligands: neurobiologicaleffects.” Curr. Med. Chem. 2015, 22, 989-1003, all of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes. Inembodiments, the Sigma 2 Receptor modulator (e.g., inhibitor) is acompound described herein. In embodiments, the Sigma 2 Receptormodulator (e.g., inhibitor) is a compound described in PCT/US14/46730,which is incorporated herein in its entirety for all purposes. Inembodiments, the Sigma 2 Receptor modulator (e.g., inhibitor) modulates(e.g., reduces) the level of Sigma 2 Receptor activity compared to acontrol (e.g., same method except without administration of the Sigma 2Receptor modulator (e.g., inhibitor)). In embodiments, the Sigma 2Receptor modulator (e.g., inhibitor) modulates (e.g., reduces) the levelof Sigma 2 Receptor activity by at least 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5,1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70,80, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99%, compared to control. Inembodiments, the Sigma 2 Receptor modulator (e.g., inhibitor) modulates(e.g., reduces) the level of Sigma 2 Receptor activity by about 1, 1.1,1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20,30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99%,compared to control. In embodiments, the Sigma 2 Receptor modulator(e.g., inhibitor) modulates (e.g., reduces) the level of Sigma 2Receptor activity by 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94,95, 96, 97, 98, or 99%, compared to control. In embodiments, the Sigma 2Receptor modulator (e.g., inhibitor) modulates (e.g., reduces) the levelof Sigma 2 Receptor activity by about 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6,1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80,90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99%, compared to control, asmeasured by an assay method described herein (e.g., the receptor bindingassay for Sigma 2 Receptor described in the Example section herein, forexample in Example 14). In embodiments, the Sigma 2 Receptor modulator(e.g., inhibitor) modulates (e.g., reduces) the level of Sigma 2Receptor activity by about 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200,300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000-fold(e.g., compared to control) (e.g., as measured by an assay methoddescribed herein, for example, the receptor binding assay for Sigma 2Receptor described in the Example section herein, such as in Example14). In embodiments, the Sigma 2 Receptor modulator (e.g., inhibitor)modulates (e.g., reduces) the level of Sigma 2 Receptor activity by atleast 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600,700, 800, 900, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000-fold (e.g., compared tocontrol) (e.g., as measured by an assay method described herein, forexample, the receptor binding assay for Sigma 2 Receptor described inthe Example section herein, such as in Example 14). In embodiments, theSigma 2 Receptor modulator (e.g., inhibitor) has an inhibitory constant(Ki) for Sigma 2 Receptor of about 10⁻¹ M, 10⁻² M, 10⁻³ M, 10⁻⁴ M, 10⁻⁵M, 10⁻⁶ M, 10⁻⁷ M, 10⁻⁸M, 10⁻⁹ M, 10⁻¹⁰ M, 10⁻¹¹ M, 10⁻¹² M, 10⁻¹³ M, or10⁻¹⁴ M (e.g., as measured by an assay method described herein, forexample, the receptor binding assay for Sigma 2 Receptor described inthe Example section herein, such as in Example 14). In embodiments, theSigma 2 Receptor modulator (e.g., inhibitor) has an inhibitory constant(Ki) for Sigma 2 Receptor of at least 10⁻¹M, 10⁻² M, 10⁻³ M, 10⁻⁴ M,10⁻⁵ M, 10⁻⁶ M, 10⁻⁷ M, 10⁻⁸M, 10⁻⁹ M, 10⁻¹⁰ M, 10⁻¹¹M, 10⁻¹² M, 10⁻¹³M, or 10⁻¹⁴ M (e.g., as measured by an assay method described herein,for example, the receptor binding assay for Sigma 2 Receptor describedin the Example section herein, such as in Example 14). In embodiments,the Sigma 2 Receptor modulator (e.g., inhibitor) has an inhibitoryconstant (Ki) for Sigma 2 Receptor of 10⁻¹ M, 10⁻² M, 10⁻³ M, 10⁻⁴ M,10⁻⁵ M, 10⁻⁶ M, 10⁻⁷ M, 10⁻⁸M, 10⁻⁹ M, 10⁴⁰ M, 10⁻¹¹M, 10¹² M, 10¹³ M,or 10⁻¹⁴ M (e.g., as measured by an assay method described herein, forexample, the receptor binding assay for Sigma 2 Receptor described inthe Example section herein, such as in Example 14). In embodiments, theSigma 2 Receptor modulator (e.g., inhibitor) has a half maximalinhibitory concentration (IC50) for Sigma 2 Receptor activity of about10⁻¹ M, 10⁻² M, 10⁻³ M, 10⁻⁴ M, 10⁻⁵ M, 10⁻⁶ M, 10⁻⁷ M, 10⁻⁸ M, 10⁻⁹ M,10⁴⁰ M, 10⁻¹¹M, 10¹² M, 10¹³ M, or 10⁻¹⁴ M (e.g., as measured by anassay method described herein, for example, the receptor binding assayfor Sigma 2 Receptor described in the Example section herein, such as inExample 14). In embodiments, the Sigma 2 Receptor modulator (e.g.,inhibitor) has a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for Sigma2 Receptor activity of at least 10⁻¹ M, 10⁻² M, 10⁻³ M, 10⁻⁴ M, 10⁻⁵ M,10⁻⁶ M, 10⁻⁷ M, 10⁻⁸M, 10⁻⁹ M, 10⁻¹⁰ M, 10⁻¹¹M, 10⁻¹² M, 10⁻¹³ M, or10⁻¹⁴ M (e.g., as measured by an assay method described herein, forexample, the receptor binding assay for Sigma 2 Receptor described inthe Example section herein, such as in Example 14). In embodiments, theSigma 2 Receptor modulator (e.g., inhibitor) has a half maximalinhibitory concentration (IC50) for Sigma 2 Receptor activity of 10⁻¹M,10⁻² M, 10⁻³ M, 10⁻⁴ M, 10⁻⁵ M, 10⁻⁶ M, 10⁻⁷ M, 10⁻⁸M, 10⁻⁹M, 10⁻¹⁰ M,10⁻¹¹M, 10⁻¹² M, 10⁻¹³ M, or 10⁻¹⁴ M (e.g., as measured by an assaymethod described herein, for example, the receptor binding assay forSigma 2 Receptor described in the Example section herein, such as inExample 14). In embodiments, the method improves cognition followingtraumatic brain injury (e.g., compared to control). In embodiments, themethod improves spatial memory following traumatic brain injury (e.g.,compared to control). In embodiments, the method improves long termmemory following traumatic brain injury (e.g., compared to control). Inembodiments, the method improves short term memory following traumaticbrain injury (e.g., compared to control).

In embodiments, the disease is a disease described herein and thecompound is a compound described herein.

E. Detection and Diagnostics Methods and Compositions

Provided herein are compounds for use as diagnostic tools or for methodsof diagnosis. The methods of diagnosis provided herein can be combinedwith other methods of diagnosis well known in the art. Non-limitingexamples of other methods of diagnosis include detection of previouslyknown disease biomarkers, including protein and nucleic acid biomarkerdetection, radiography, co-axial tomography (CAT) scans, positronemission tomography (PET), radionuclide scanning, and magnetic resonanceimaging.

In an aspect is provided a radiolabeled compound, or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, as described herein, including embodiments(e.g. in an aspect, embodiment, example, figure, table, or claim). Inembodiments, the radiolabeled compound may be used in methods ofidentification and/or characterization of diseases or proteins. Inembodiments, the protein is sigma 2 receptor. In embodiments, theprotein is progesterone receptor membrane component 1. In embodiments, aradiolabeled compound physiologically maps sigma 2 receptors. Inembodiments, a radiolabeled compound physiologically maps progesteronereceptor membrane component 1. In embodiments, the radiolabeled compoundincludes ¹⁸F. In embodiments, the radiolabeled compound includes ¹¹C. Inembodiments, the radiolabeled compound includes ¹²⁵I. In embodiments,the radiolabeled compound includes ³H. In embodiments, the compound isenriched in the radiolabel beyond the natural abundancy of theradiolabel.

In an aspect is provided a compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, as described herein, including embodiments (e.g. in an aspect,embodiment, example, figure, table, or claim) connected (e.g., bonded,non-covalently associated, covalently bonded) to a detectable agent. Inembodiments, the compound connected to the detectable agent may be usedin a method of detecting a protein (e.g., photoaffinity labeling). Inembodiments, the detectable agent is a photochemically reactive speciescovalently attached to the compound. In embodiments, the photochemicallyreactive species is a compound including a nitrene, carbene, ketone,cation, and/or radical.

The detectable agent may be a moiety when bonded to the compound. Amongthe detectable agent are imaging agents, including fluorescent andluminescent substances, including, but not limited to, a variety oforganic or inorganic small molecules commonly referred to as “dyes,”“labels,” or “indicators.” Examples include fluorescein, rhodamine,acridine dyes, Alexa dyes, and cyanine dyes. Enzymes that may be used asimaging agents in accordance with the embodiments of the disclosureinclude, but are not limited to, horseradish peroxidase, alkalinephosphatase, acid phoshatase, glucose oxidase, β-galactosidase,β-glucoronidase or β-lactamase. Such enzymes may be used in combinationwith a chromogen, a fluorogenic compound or a luminogenic compound togenerate a detectable signal.

In an aspect is provided a radiolabeled compound, or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, as described herein, including embodiments(e.g. in an aspect, embodiment, example, figure, table, or claim) foruse in sigma 2 receptor binding assays (e.g., for determining IC₅₀s andK_(i)s of test ligands). In an aspect is provided a radiolabeledcompound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as describedherein, including embodiments (e.g. in an aspect, embodiment, example,figure, table, or claim) for use in progesterone receptor membranecomponent 1 binding assays. In embodiments, the radiolabeled compoundcontains tritium.

Radioactive substances that may be used as imaging and/or labelingagents in accordance with the embodiments of the disclosure include, butare not limited to, ¹⁸F, ³²P, ³³P, ⁴⁵Ti, ⁴⁷Sc, ⁵²Fe, ⁵⁹ Fe, ⁶²Cu, ⁶⁴Cu,⁶⁷Cu, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁷⁷As, ⁸⁶Y, ⁹⁰Y, ⁸⁹Sr, ⁸⁹Zr, ⁹⁴Tc, ⁹⁴Tc, ^(99m)Tc,⁹⁹Mo, ¹⁰⁵Pd, ¹⁰⁵ Rh, ¹¹¹Ag, ¹¹¹ In, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ¹⁴²Pr,¹⁴³Pr, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁵³Sm, ¹⁵⁴⁻¹⁵⁸¹Gd, ¹⁶¹Tb, ¹⁶⁶Dy, ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁶⁹Er, ¹⁷⁵Lu,¹⁷⁷Lu, ¹⁸⁶ Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ¹⁸⁹ Re, ¹⁹⁴Ir, ¹⁹⁸ Au, ¹⁹⁹Au, ²¹¹At, ²¹¹Pb, ²¹²Bi,²¹²Pb, ²¹³Bi, ²²³Ra and ²²⁵Ac. Paramagnetic ions that may be used asadditional imaging agents in accordance with the embodiments of thedisclosure include, but are not limited to, ions of transition andlanthanide metals (e.g. metals having atomic numbers of 21-29, 42, 43,44, or 57-71). These metals include ions of Cr, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu,La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu.

In an aspect is provided a method of detecting a sigma 2 receptor in anindividual including: (a) administering to the individual an effectiveamount of a detectable compound described herein; (b) allowing thedetectable compound described herein to bind to a sigma 2 receptorwithin the individual thereby forming a detectable compound-sigma 2receptor complex; and (c) detecting the detectable compound-sigma 2receptor complex in the individual. A detectable compound may be acompound described herein that includes a radiolabel (detectable atomsuch as ¹⁸F, ³²P, ³³P, ¹¹C, ¹⁵ O, ¹³C, ¹³N, ¹⁷O, ¹⁴C, ³H) or a conjugateof a compound described herein and a detectable agent. In embodiments,the detection includes protein or nucleic acid detection, radiography,co-axial tomography (CAT) scan, positron emission tomography (PET),radionuclide scanning, or magnetic resonance imaging.

In an aspect is provided a method of detecting a sigma 2 receptorincluding: (a) administering to a sample a detectable compound describedherein; (b) allowing the detectable compound described herein to bind toa sigma 2 receptor within the sample, thereby forming a detectablecompound-sigma 2 receptor complex; and (c) detecting the detectablecompound-sigma 2 receptor complex in the sample. In embodiments, adetectable compound is a compound described herein that includes aradiolabel (detectable atom such as ¹⁸F, ³²P, ³³P, ¹¹C, ¹⁵O, ¹³C, ¹³N,¹⁷O, ¹⁴C, ³H) or a conjugate of a compound described herein and adetectable agent. In embodiments, the detection includes protein ornucleic acid detection, radiography, co-axial tomography (CAT) scan,positron emission tomography (PET), radionuclide scanning, or magneticresonance imaging. In embodiments, the sample is taken from a subject.In embodiments, the sample is a cell culture. In embodiments, the sampleis a tissue. In embodiments, the sample is an animal.

In an aspect is provided a method of detecting a progesterone receptormembrane component 1 in an individual including: (a) administering tothe individual an effective amount of a detectable compound describedherein; (b) allowing the detectable compound described herein to bind toa progesterone receptor membrane component 1 within the individualthereby forming a detectable compound-progesterone receptor membranecomponent 1 complex; and (c) detecting the detectablecompound-progesterone receptor membrane component 1 complex in theindividual. In embodiments, a detectable compound is a compounddescribed herein that includes a radiolabel (detectable atom such as¹⁸F, ³²P, ³³P, ¹¹C, ¹⁵O, ¹³C, ¹³N, ¹⁷O, ¹⁴C, ³H) or a conjugate of acompound described herein and a detectable agent. In embodiments, thedetection includes protein or nucleic acid detection, radiography,co-axial tomography (CAT) scan, positron emission tomography (PET),radionuclide scanning, or magnetic resonance imaging.

In an aspect is provided a method of detecting a progesterone receptormembrane component 1 including: (a) administering to a sample adetectable compound described herein; (b) allowing the detectablecompound described herein to bind to a sig progesterone receptormembrane component 1 within the sample, thereby forming a detectablecompound-progesterone receptor membrane component 1 complex; and (c)detecting the detectable compound-progesterone receptor membranecomponent 1 complex in the sample. In embodiments, a detectable compoundis a compound described herein that includes a radiolabel (detectableatom such as ¹⁸F, ³²P, ³³P, ¹¹C, ¹⁵O, ¹³C, ¹³N, ¹⁷O, ¹⁴C, ³H) or aconjugate of a compound described herein and a detectable agent. Inembodiments, the detection includes protein or nucleic acid detection,radiography, co-axial tomography (CAT) scan, positron emissiontomography (PET), radionuclide scanning, or magnetic resonance imaging.In embodiments, the sample is taken from a subject. In embodiments, thesample is a cell culture. In embodiments, the sample is a tissue. Inembodiments, the sample is an animal.

A “detectable agent” is a composition detectable by spectroscopic,photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, chemical, magnetic resonanceimaging, or other physical means. For example, useful labels include¹⁸F, ³²P, ³³P, ⁴⁵Ti, ⁴⁷Sc, ⁵²Fe, ⁵⁹ Fe, ⁶²Cu, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁶⁷Cu, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga,⁷⁷As, ⁸⁶Y, ⁹⁰Y, ⁸⁹Sr, ⁸⁹Zr, ⁹⁴Tc, ⁹⁴Tc, ^(99m)Tc, ⁹⁹Mo, ¹⁰⁵Pd, ¹⁰⁵ Rh,¹¹¹Ag, ¹¹¹ In, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ¹⁴²Pr, ¹⁴³Pr, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁵³Sm,¹⁵⁴⁻¹⁵⁸¹Gd, ¹⁶¹Tb, ¹⁶⁶Dy, ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁶⁹Er, ¹⁷⁵Lu, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ¹⁸⁶ Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ¹⁸⁹Re, ¹⁹⁴Ir, ¹⁹⁸ Au, ¹⁹⁹Au, ²¹¹At, ²¹¹Pb, ²¹²Bi, ²¹²Pb, ²¹³Bi, ²²³Ra,²²⁵Ac, Cr, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb,Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, ³²P, fluorescent dyes, electron-dense reagents,enzymes (e.g., as commonly used in an ELISA), biotin, digoxigenin,paramagnetic molecules, paramagnetic nanoparticles, ultrasmallsuperparamagnetic iron oxide (“USPIO”) nanoparticles, USPIO nanoparticleaggregates, superparamagnetic iron oxide (“SPIO”) nanoparticles, SPIOnanoparticle aggregates, monochrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles,monochrystalline iron oxide, nanoparticle contrast agents, liposomes orother delivery vehicles containing Gadolinium chelate (“Gd-chelate”)molecules, Gadolinium, radioisotopes, radionuclides (e.g. carbon-11,nitrogen-13, oxygen-15, fluorine-18, rubidium-82), fluorodeoxyglucose(e.g. fluorine-18 labeled), any gamma ray emitting radionuclides,positron-emitting radionuclide, radiolabeled glucose, radiolabeledwater, radiolabeled ammonia, biocolloids, microbubbles (e.g. includingmicrobubble shells including albumin, galactose, lipid, and/or polymers;microbubble gas core including air, heavy gas(es), perfluorcarbon,nitrogen, octafluoropropane, perflexane lipid microsphere, perflutren,etc.), iodinated contrast agents (e.g. iohexol, iodixanol, ioversol,iopamidol, ioxilan, iopromide, diatrizoate, metrizoate, ioxaglate),barium sulfate, thorium dioxide, gold, gold nanoparticles, goldnanoparticle aggregates, fluorophores, two-photon fluorophores, orhaptens and proteins or other entities which can be made detectable,e.g., by incorporating a radiolabel into a peptide or antibodyspecifically reactive with a target peptide.

F. Further Embodiments

P1. A compound having the formula:

Ring A is C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl, 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or5 to 6 membered heteroaryl; L¹ is a bond or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀alkylene; L² is a bond, —SO₂—, —C(O)NH—, —NHC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—,—SO₂CH₂—, —C(O)NHCH₂—, —NHC(O)CH₂—, —C(O)OCH₂—, —OC(O)CH₂—, orunsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkylene; R¹ is a hydrogen, halogen, —CX¹ ₃, —CHX¹₂, —CH₂X¹, —CN, —NR⁷R⁸, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)NR⁷R⁸, —OR¹⁰, —OC(O)OR⁹,—OC(O)NR⁷R⁸, —OC(O)R⁹, —C(S)R⁹, —C(S)OR⁹, —C(S)NR⁷R⁸, —SR¹⁰, —OC(S)OR⁹,—OC(S)NR⁷R⁸, —OC(S)R⁹, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl; R² isindependently ahalogen, —CX² ₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H,—SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCX² ₃, —OCHX² ₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl; two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms may optionallybe joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5to 6 membered heteroaryl; R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ are independentlyhydrogen, halogen, —CX₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH,—SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCX₃, —OCHX₂, substitutedor unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8membered heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5to 6 membered heteroaryl; R⁷ and R⁸ substituents bonded to the samenitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted orunsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl or substituted orunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl; z is an integer from 0 to 5;and X, X^(i), and X² are independently —Cl, —Br, —I, or —F.

P2. The compound of embodiment P1, wherein the compound has the formula:

P3. The compound of embodiment P1, wherein the compound has the formula:

P4. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P3, wherein L¹-R¹ is notunsubstituted methyl.

P5. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P3, wherein R¹ is nothydrogen, unsubstituted methyl, —C(O)R⁹, or —C(S)NR⁷R⁸, when L¹ is abond.

P6. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P3, wherein the compound isnot

P7. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P6, wherein Ring A isphenyl.

P8. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P7, wherein R² isindependently —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CX² ₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂,—NO₂, —SH, —OCX² ₃, —OCHX² ₂, —OCH ₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂,unsubstituted methyl, unsubstituted ethyl, unsubstituted isopropyl, ortwo R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form anunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl or unsubstituted 5 to 6membered heteroaryl.

P9. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P8, wherein z is 1 or 2.

P10. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P8, wherein z is O.

P11. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P10, wherein L² is —SO₂—.

P12. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P10, wherein L² is—C(O)OCH₂—.

P13. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P12, wherein L¹ is a bond;and R¹ is —OR¹⁰, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted 4 to 6membered heterocycloalkyl; and R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen,substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2to 8 membered heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted orunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.

P14. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P12, wherein L¹ is anunsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkylene; and R¹ is hydrogen, halogen, —CX¹ ₃, —CHX¹₂, —CH₂X¹, —CN, —NR⁷R⁸, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)NR⁷R⁸, —OR¹⁰,—OC(O)NR⁷R⁸, —C(S)NR⁷R⁸, —Se, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 4 to 6membered heterocycloalkyl.

P15. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P12, wherein L¹ is anunsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkylene; and R¹ is substituted or unsubstitutedbranched C₃-C₅ alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 5 memberedbranched heteroalkyl.

P16. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P12, wherein L¹ is anunsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkylene; and R¹ is substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₅ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkenyl, or substitutedor unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkynyl.

P17. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P12, wherein L¹ is a bond;and R¹ is —CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂OCH₃, or —CH₂CH₂CH₂OCH₃.

P18. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P17, wherein R⁷, R⁸, R⁹,and R¹⁰ are independently hydrogen, halogen, —CX₃, —CN, —COOH, —CONH₂,—OH, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted 2 to 5 membered heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 4 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl.

P19. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient and a compound of one of embodiments P1 to P18, ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

P20. A method of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, themethod comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of oneof embodiments P1 to P18.

P21. A method of improving cognition in a subject, the method comprisingadministering an effective amount of a compound of one of embodiments P1to P18.

P22. A method to treating a neurodegenerative disease in a subject inneed thereof, the method comprising administering an effective amount ofa compound of one of embodiments P1 to P18.

P23. The method of embodiment P22, wherein the neurodegenerative diseaseis Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease,progressive supranuclear palsy, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

P24. A method of treating drug abuse in a subject in need thereof, themethod comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of oneof embodiments P1 to P18.

P25. A method of embodiment P24, wherein the drug is ethanol, nicotine,cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, an opiate, or an opioid.

P26. A method of treating anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, orepilepsy in a subject in need thereof, the method comprisingadministering an effective amount of a compound of one of embodiments P1to P18.

P27. A method of treating migraine or neuropathic pain in a subject inneed thereof, the method comprising administering an effective amount ofa compound of one of embodiments P1 to P18.

P28. A method of treating amnesia, traumatic brain injury, inflammatorypain, stroke, a cardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, or retinalneural degeneration in a subject in need thereof, the method comprisingadministering an effective amount of a compound of one of embodiments P1to P18.

P29. A method of modulating a sigma 2 receptor, the method comprisingcontacting a sigma 2 receptor with a compound of one of embodiments P1to P18, thereby modulating said sigma 2 receptor.

P30. A method of modulating progesterone receptor membrane component 1,the method comprising contacting a progesterone receptor membranecomponent 1 with a compound of one of embodiments P1 to P18, therebymodulating said progesterone receptor membrane component 1.

P31. The method of one of embodiments P29 to P30, wherein the modulatingis inhibiting.

P32. The method of one of embodiments P29 to P30, wherein the modulatingis antagonizing.

P33. The method of one of embodiments P29 to P30, wherein the modulatingis activating.

P34. The method of one of embodiments P29 to P30, wherein the modulatingis agonizing.

G. Additional Embodiments

1. A compound having the formula:

Ring A is cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; L¹ is abond or unsubstituted alkylene; L² is a bond, —SO₂—, —C(O)NH—, —NHC(O)—,—C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —SO₂CH₂—, —C(O)NHCH₂—, —NHC(O)CH₂—C(O)OCH₂—,—OC(O)CH₂—, or unsubstituted alkylene; R¹ is a hydrogen,halogen, —CX¹ ₃, —CHX¹ ₂, —CH₂X¹, —CN, —NR⁷R⁸, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)OR⁹,—C(O)NR⁷R⁸, —OR¹⁰, —OC(O)OR⁹, —OC(O)NR⁷R⁸, —OC(O)R⁹, —C(S)R⁹, —C(S)OR⁹,—C(S)NR⁷R⁸, —SR¹⁰, —OC(S)OR⁹, —OC(S) NR⁷R⁸, —OC(S)R⁹, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl; R² is independently ahalogen, —CX² ₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H,—SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCX² ₃, —OCHX² ₂, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; twoR² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms may optionally be joined toform a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ areindependently hydrogen, halogen, —CX₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂,—NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂,—NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCX₃, —OCHX₂,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁷ and R⁸ substituents bondedto the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substitutedor unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaryl; z is an integer from 0 to 5; and X, X¹, and X² areindependently —Cl, —Br, —I, or —F.

2. The compound of embodiment 1, wherein the compound has the formula:

Ring A is C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl, 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or5 to 6 membered heteroaryl; L¹ is a bond or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀alkylene; L² is a bond, —SO₂—, —C(O)NH—, —NHC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—,—SO₂CH₂—, —C(O)NHCH₂—, —NHC(O)CH₂—C(O)OCH₂—, —OC(O)CH₂—, orunsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkylene; R¹ is a hydrogen, halogen, —CX¹ ₃, —CHX¹₂, —CH₂X¹, —CN, —NR⁷R⁸, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)NR⁷R⁸, —OR¹⁰, —OC(O)OR⁹,—OC(O)NR⁷R⁸, —OC(O)R⁹, —C(S)R⁹, —C(S)OR⁹, —C(S)NR⁷R⁸, —SR¹⁰, —OC(S)OR⁹,—OC(S) NR⁷R⁸, —OC(S)R⁹, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl; R² isindependently ahalogen, —CX² ₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H,—SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,—NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCX² ₃, —OCHX² ₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl; two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms may optionallybe joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5to 6 membered heteroaryl; R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ are independentlyhydrogen, halogen, —CX₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH,—SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCX₃, —OCHX₂, substitutedor unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8membered heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5to 6 membered heteroaryl; R⁷ and R⁸ substituents bonded to the samenitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted orunsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl or substituted orunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl; z is an integer from 0 to 5;and X, X^(i), and X² are independently —Cl, —Br, —I, or —F.

3. The compound of one of embodiments 1 to 2, wherein the compound hasthe formula:

4. The compound of one of embodiments 1 to 2, wherein the compound hasthe formula:

5. The compound of one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein L¹-R¹ is notunsubstituted methyl.

6. The compound of one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein R¹ is nothydrogen, unsubstituted methyl, —C(O)R⁹, or —C(S)NR⁷R⁸, when L¹ is abond.

7. The compound of one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the compound isnot

8. The compound of one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the compound isnot

9. The compound of one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein Ring A is phenyl.

10. The compound of one of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein R² isindependently F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CX² ₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂,—NO₂, —SH, —OCX² ₃, —OCHX² ₂, —OCH ₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂,unsubstituted methyl, unsubstituted ethyl, unsubstituted isopropyl, ortwo R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined to form anunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl or unsubstituted 5 to 6membered heteroaryl.

11. The compound of one of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein z is 1 or 2.

12. The compound of one of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein z is 0.

13. The compound of one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein L² is —SO₂—.

14. The compound of one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein L² is—C(O)OCH₂—.

15. The compound of one of embodiments 1 to 14, wherein L¹ is a bond;and R¹ is —OR¹⁰, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted 4 to 6membered heterocycloalkyl; and R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen,substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2to 8 membered heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted orunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.

16. The compound of one of embodiments 1 to 14, wherein L¹ is anunsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkylene; and R¹ is hydrogen,

halogen, —CX¹ ₃, —CHX¹ ₂, —CH₂X¹, —CN, —NR⁷R⁸, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)OR⁹,—C(O)NR⁷R⁸, —OR¹⁰, —OC(O)NR⁷R⁸, —C(S)NR⁷R⁸, —SR¹⁰, substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 4 memberedheteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted 4 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl.

17. The compound of one of embodiments 1 to 14, wherein L¹ is anunsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkylene; and R¹ is substituted or unsubstitutedbranched C₃-C₅ alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 5 memberedbranched heteroalkyl.

18. The compound of one of embodiments 1 to 14, wherein L¹ is anunsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkylene; and R¹ is substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₅ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkenyl, or substitutedor unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkynyl.

19. The compound of one of embodiments 1 to 14, wherein L¹ is a bond;and R¹ is —CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂OCH₃, or —CH₂CH₂CH₂OCH₃.

20. The compound of one of embodiments 1 to 19, wherein R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, andR¹⁰ are independently hydrogen, halogen, —CX₃, —CN, —COOH, —CONH₂, —OH,substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2to 5 membered heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 4 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl.

21. The compound of embodiment 1 having the formula:

22. The compound of embodiment 1 having the formula:

23. The compound of embodiment 1 having the formula:

24. The compound of embodiment 1 having the formula:

25. The compound of embodiment 1 having the formula:

26. The compound of embodiment 1 having the formula:

27. The compound of embodiment 1 having the formula:

28. The compound of embodiment 1 having the formula:

29. The compound of embodiment 1 having the formula:

30. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient and a compound of one of embodiments 1 to 29, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

31. A method of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, the methodcomprising administering an effective amount of a compound of one ofembodiments 1 to 29.

32. A method of improving cognition in a subject, the method comprisingadministering an effective amount of a compound of one of embodiments 1to 29.

33. A method to treating a neurodegenerative disease in a subject inneed thereof, the method comprising administering an effective amount ofa compound of one of embodiments 1 to 29.

34. The method of embodiment 33, wherein the neurodegenerative diseaseis Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease,progressive supranuclear palsy, frontotemporal dementia, or amyotrophiclateral sclerosis.

35. A method of treating drug abuse in a subject in need thereof, themethod comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of oneof embodiments 1 to 29.

36. A method of embodiment 35, wherein the drug is ethanol, nicotine,cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, an opiate, or an opioid.

37. A method of treating anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, or epilepsyin a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering aneffective amount of a compound of one of embodiments 1 to 29.

38. A method of treating migraine or neuropathic pain in a subject inneed thereof, the method comprising administering an effective amount ofa compound of one of embodiments 1 to 29.

39. A method of treating amnesia, traumatic brain injury, inflammatorypain, stroke, a cardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, or retinalneural degeneration in a subject in need thereof, the method comprisingadministering an effective amount of a compound of one of embodiments 1to 29.

40. A method of treating traumatic brain injury in a subject in needthereof, the method comprising administering an effective amount of acompound of one of embodiments 1 to 29.

41. The method of embodiment 40, wherein the compound has the formula:

42. The method of embodiment 40, wherein the compound has the formula:

43. The method of embodiment 40, wherein the compound has the formula:

44. The method of embodiment 40, wherein the compound has the formula:

45. The method of embodiment 40, wherein the compound has the formula:

46. The method of embodiment 40, wherein the compound has the formula:

47. A method of modulating a sigma 2 receptor, the method comprisingcontacting a sigma 2 receptor with a compound of one of embodiments 1 to29, thereby modulating said sigma 2 receptor.

48. A method of modulating progesterone receptor membrane component 1,the method comprising contacting a progesterone receptor membranecomponent 1 with a compound of one of embodiments 1 to 29, therebymodulating said progesterone receptor membrane component 1.

49. The method of one of embodiments 47 to 48, wherein the modulating isinhibiting.

50. The method of one of embodiments 47 to 48, wherein the modulating isantagonizing.

51. The method of one of embodiments 47 to 48, wherein the modulating isactivating.

52. The method of one of embodiments 47 to 48, wherein the modulating isagonizing.

53. The method of one of embodiments 31 to 39 and 47 to 52, wherein thecompound is

54. The method of one of embodiments 31 to 39 and 47 to 52, wherein thecompound is

55. The method of one of embodiments 31 to 39 and 47 to 52, wherein thecompound is

56. The method of one of embodiments 31 to 39 and 47 to 52, wherein thecompound is

57. The method of one of embodiments 31 to 39 and 47 to 52, wherein thecompound is

58. The method of one of embodiments 31 to 39 and 47 to 52, wherein thecompound is

H. Examples Example 1. Synthesis of Chloro-Scaffold Intermediate

Scheme 1. Synthesis of the key intermediate 12 occurs via a Mannich-typemulticomponent assembly process (MCAP) followed by sequential ringclosing metathesis, Heck cyclization, and olefin reduction as described

Scaffold 12 proved to be well-suited for generating a variety ofanalogs, including those represented by general structure 13. Cbz is acarboxybenzyl moiety. The chemical structure of 13 follows

The aryl chloride functional handle on 12 enabled derivatization viapalladium catalyzed cross-coupling reactions to deliver analogs having arange of electrostatic properties and varying degrees of lipophilicity,such as the anilines 14-16 and the biaryls 21-23, depicted in Schemes 2and 3.

Scheme 2 depicts cross-coupling reactions of aryl chloride, 12, togenerate aniline analogs, using the following reagents and conditions:a) Pd(OAc)₂, JohnPhos®, NaOt-Bu, toluene, 100° C.; c) TMSI, CH₂Cl₂, 0°C.→rt, then HCl; and d) TMSI, CH₂Cl₂, 0° C.→rt, then NaHCO₃(aq).

Scheme 3 depicts cross-coupling reactions of aryl chloride, 12, togenerate biaryl analogs, using the following reagents and conditions: b)Pd[P(t-Bu)₃]₂, Cs₂CO₃, 1,4-dioxane, 100° C.; c) TMSI, CH₂Cl₂, 0° C.→rt,then HCl; and d) TMSI, CH₂Cl₂, 0° C.→rt, then NaHCO₃(aq).

The cyclic secondary amines piperidine, piperazine, and morpholine wereselected as the initial coupling partners in Buchwald-Hartwig reactionsto provide analogs having amino groups at C(8) of the norbenzomorphannucleus with varying degrees of basicity. Six-membered, cyclic amineswere used in these studies to eliminate any conformational variablesamongst the different aryl amino analogs, which vary primarily in theLewis basic nature of the C(8) substituent. Boronic acid couplingpartners for the Suzuki reactions were chosen to provide both electronrich and deficient biaryl products. The Cbz group on N(2) of 14,16 and21-23 was then removed using iodotrimethylsilane (TMSI) followed byeither acidic or basic to give the corresponding tertiary N-benzylcompounds 19-20 and 26-27 and the secondary amines 17, 18, 24 and 25.

To diversify the substituents on the two nitrogen atoms of 15, thesecondary amino group on the piperazine ring of 15 was first N-alkylatedusing standard procedures to give tertiary amines 28-32.

The chemical structures of tertiary amines 28-32 follows

where the reactions and conditions use a) alkyl brome, CH₃CN, K₂CO₃; b)ethyl acrylate, EtOH; c) aldehyde, Na(OAc)₃BH, CH₃COOH, CH₂Cl₂.

Substitution at the carbamoyl nitrogen of 32 was then varied by removingthe Cbz group using TMSI followed by an acidic workup to give 33, andsubsequent N-sulfonylation or N-acylation of 33 under standardconditions delivered 34-37, following

where the reactions and conditions utilize d) TMSI, CH₂Cl₂, 0° C. rt,then NaHCO₃(aq) and e) acyl or sulfonyl chloride.

Reductive amination of 17 and 18 using several aryl aldehydes and sodiumtriacetoxyborohydride [Na(OAc)3BH] provided 38-40, following

where the reactions and conditions use c) aldehyde, Na(OAc)₃BH, CH₃COOH,CH₂Cl₂.

Similarly, reductive aminations of 21 and 22 led to analogs 41-44,

where the reactions and conditions use c) aldehyde, Na(OAc)₃BH, CH₃COOH,CH₂Cl₂.

Example 2. Pharmacology of Norbenzomorphans

An assortment of norbenzomorphans was screened against a comprehensivepanel of CNS-based proteins at the National Institute of Mental HealthPsychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP). A subset of compoundswas identified that exhibited high affinity and subtype selectivity forσ2R versus σ1R. Receptor binding data collected for analogs listed inTable 1 show that σ2R affinity and subtype selectivity is maintainedover a range of peripheral groups on the norbenzomorphan nucleus.

TABLE 1 Sigma receptor affinity of norbenzomorphan analogs.

σ1 K_(i) (nM)^(a) σ2 K_(i)(nM) K_(i)(σ1)/ Compound R¹ R² pK_(i) ±SEM^(b) pK_(i) ± SEM K_(i)(σ2) 12 Cl

* ^(c) * — 16

* * — 20

3,777 5.42 ± 0.09 1,034   5.99 ± 0.07  4 39

2,975 5.53 ± 0.09   92     7 ± 0.1  32 40

4,544 5.34 ± 0.09 1,258   5.9 ± 0.1  4 19

2,429 5.61 ± 0.06   318   6.5 ± 0.1  8 38

3,519 5.5 ± 0.1   746   6.1 ± 0.1  5 27

3,039 5.5 ± 0.1   723   6.14 ± 0.09  4 41

CH₃   156 6.81 ± 0.09   43   7.36 ± 0.08  4 42

1,058 6.0 ± 0.1   166   6.8 ± 0.1  6 43

CH₃   391 6.41 ± 0.08   133   6.88 ± 0.07  3 44

4,612 5.34 ± 0.08 828   6.08 ± 0.08  6 32

  497 6.31 ± 0.06   71   7.1 ± 0.1  7 33

H * * — 34

  442 6.36 ± 0.06   27   7.58 ± 0.08  16 35

*   764   6.12 ± 0.07 — 36

  294 6.53 ± 0.08   357   6.45 ± 0.06  1 37

 2105 5.68 ± 0.07   442   6.37 ± 0.07  5 28

  589 6.23 ± 0.06   34   7.47 ± 0.08  17 29

  172 6.76 ± 0.05   16   7.79 ± 0.05  11 30

  62 7.21 ± 0.05   23   7.64 ± 0.07  3 31

  9294^(d) 5.1 ± 0.1     16.2^(e)  7.8 ± 0.16 574 ^(a)K_(i) valuesobtained from non-linear regression of radioligand competition bindingisotherms; ^(b)SEM calculated for pK_(i); ^(c) Less than 50% inhibitionof radioligand binding with 10 μM test ligand; ^(d)average of two IC₅₀determinations; ^(e)average of three IC₅₀ determinations.

From the morpholine series comprising compounds 16, 20, 39, and 40, asecond basic nitrogen atom in the molecule may be valuable inembodiments. This tentative assessment is based upon the observationthat 16 did not bind, whereas the two N-benzyl derivatives 20 and 40exhibited modest σ2R affinity (1,034 nM and 1,258 nM) and a 4-foldpreference for σ2R relative to σ1R. The 3,5-dichlorobenzyl analog 39benefits from a large increase in σ2R binding affinity (92 nM) coupledwith a 32-fold increase in selectivity for σ2R over σ1R. The arylpiperidine derivative 19 displays moderate σ2R affinity (318 nM) andabout 8-fold subtype selectivity favoring σ2R, and replacing the benzylgroup of 19 with a 3-chlorobenzyl substituent (e.g., 38) affects amarginal decrease in both σ2R affinity and selectivity. For the seriesof biaryl compounds 27 and 41-44, sigma receptor affinity may beaffected by the size of the alkyl group at N(2). For example, theN-methyl derivatives 41 and 43 exhibit enhanced binding affinity at bothσ1R and σ2R relative to 42 and 44.

When the C(8) position of the norbenzomorphan is substituted with apiperazino moiety, σ2R binding affinity was typically high, and subtypeselectivity could be tuned by altering either R² or the alkyl group onthe aliphatic nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring. Changing the natureof the alkyl group led to only modest variations in σ2R affinities,whereas the effects on σ1R affinity were more pronounced. This isillustrated by comparing 31, which exhibits 574-fold selectivity forσ2R, with other members of this series. This represents one of the moreselective σ2R ligands reported to date. Whereas replacing the Cbz groupof 32 with a hydrocinnamoyl (e.g., 36) or an allyloxycarbonyl (e.g., 37)moiety led to a loss in σ2R binding affinity and selectivity,substituting a 3,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonamide group for Cbz afforded a2- to 3-fold increase in σ2R binding affinity and selectivity. Notably,the corresponding nor-chloro analog 35 displayed much lower affinity forboth σR subtypes, and the presence of a secondary amino group (e.g., 33)significantly reduced binding at σ2R and σ1R in embodiments.

The binding affinities for the compounds in Table 1 reveal that a numberof substituents at R¹ and R² are tolerated and lead to ligands havingmodest to excellent preference for σ2R over σ1R, with a number ofcompounds exhibiting <50 nM affinity for σ2R. Notably, many compoundsdisplayed significantly reduced affinity, relative to σ2R, at a broadrange of other CNS proteins, including serotonin, adrenergic, dopamine,opioid, and neurotransmitter transporters. A few derivatives displayedstrong affinity for several off-target sites, but these compounds aretypically highly lipophilic (i.e., clogP>5), such as thedichlorophenylsulfonamide 34.

These data suggest that R¹ and R² on the norbenzomorphan scaffold can betuned to enhance σ2R selectivity over both σ1R as well as an array ofother CNS proteins.

Example 3. Discussion of Norbenzomorphans that Exhibit High Potency andSelectivity for σ2R Relative to σ1R

A modular synthetic platform was exploited to rapidly access a varietyof substituted norbenzomorphans that exhibit high potency andselectivity for σ2R relative to σ1R. Notably, it appears to be possibleto modulate αR subtype selectivity by varying the nature of the groupsat C(8) and N(2) of the norbenzomorphan scaffold. Compound 31 displayeda 574-fold preference for σ2R over σ1R, suggesting that exceptional σ2Rsubtype selectivity can be achieved. Many of these σ2R subtype selectiveligands have molecular attributes likely to impart desirable absorption,distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties. Inembodiments, some compounds these may be promising leads for treatingneurological disorders and cancers.

It is significant that the EU approved anxiolytic/antidepressantopipramol has appreciable affinity for σ2R and has been safely used fordecades. Additionally, previous clinical trials with investigational σ2Rligands further suggest that pharmacological modulation of σ2R may besafe in man. The discovery of novel, highly selective σ2R ligands withdrug like features, such as 31, will help pave the way to realizing thepotential therapeutic value of pharmacological modulation of σ2R.

Example 4. Additional Compounds

Receptor binding data collected for analogs listed in Table 3 show thatσ2R affinity and subtype selectivity is maintained additional peripheralgroups on the norbenzomorphan nucleus.

TABLE 3 Sigma receptor affinity of additional norbenzomorphan analogs.

σ1 K_(i) K_(i)(σ1)/ Compound R¹ R² (nM)^(a) σ2 K_(i)(nM) K_(i)(σ2)TH-2-42

170  2.3 74 JJS-4-198

430 17.5 25 P1

255  4.0 64 P2

 27  1.4 19

Example 5. Piperazine N-Derivatives

Analogs listed in Table 4 show additional substituents for piperazineN-derivatives attached to the norbenzomorphan nucleus.

TABLE 4 Additional norbenzomorphan piperazine N-derivatives for R¹.

R²

Example 6. Benzazepine N-Derivatives

Analogs listed in Table 5 show additional substituents for benzazepineN-derivatives attached to the norbenzomorphan nucleus.

TABLE 5 Additional norbenzomorphan benzazepine N-derivatives for R²,wherein X is any substituent (e.g., halogen).

Example 7. Specific Piperazine and Benzazepine N-Derivatives

Analogs listed in Table 6 show specific piperazine and benzazepineN-derivatives attached to the norbenzomorphan nucleus with sigmareceptor affinity, where the K, values obtained from non-linearregression of radioligand competition binding isotherms.

TABLE 6 Sigma receptor affinity of specific norbenzomorphan analogs.Compound σ1 K_(i) (nM)^(a) σ2 K_(i) (nM)^(a)

 255  4.0

 170  2.3

 27  1.4

9294 16.2

 413 17.5

In progress 58  

Screening for Sig2R compounds. Sigma-2 receptors (Sig2R) are widelydistributed proteins that are involved in cell proliferation andregulation of cytosolic calcium concentration. Recent evidence suggeststhat Sig2R may reside in the progesterone receptor membrane component 1(PGRMC1), a gene with known orthologues in yeast, invertebrates,rodents, and humans. For clarity, the receptor is referred to asSig2R/PGRMC1. Widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) andsome periphery tissues, Sig2R/PGRMC1 are increasingly being implicatedin cellular processes relevant to a variety of CNS disorders, includingAlzheimer's disease. We were thus intrigued by the possibility thatSig2R/PGRMC1 binding ligands might be neuroprotective and useful aspotential leads to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Accordingly, acollection of diverse small molecules, which was generated using amodular synthetic platform that enables facile access to a broad arrayof substituted heterocycles, was screened at the Psychoactive DrugScreening Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (seewebsite pdsp.med.unc.edu/pdspw/binding.php). A number ofnorbenzomorphans were thus identified that bound with high affinity andselectivity to Sig2R/PGRMC1.

Sigma-2 receptor ligands and their binding assays. A collection ofheterocyclic compounds were generated using a modular synthetic platformto afford a diverse array of substituted heterocycles that was screenedagainst a panel of CNS targets. The compounds were dissolved in 100%DMSO prior to the receptor binding assays, which were performed by thePsychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP) at Chapel Hill, N.C. Theassay protocol book can be accessed free of charge at: websitepdsp.med.unc.edu/PDSP %20Protocols %20II %202013-03-28.pdf. Briefly,Sig2Rs were sourced from rat liver homogenates (PC12 cells). The Sig2Rligand binding affinity was determined through competition bindingassays using the radioligand [³H]-ditolylguanidine in the presence of(+)-pentazocine to block Sig1R binding sites. The radioactivity in thepresence of the test compound is calculated with the following equationand expressed as a percent inhibition: % inhibition=(sample CPMnon-specific CPM)/(Total CPM non-specific CPM)×100 where

CPM stands for counts per minute. To determine secondary binding data,CPM/well are pooled and fitted to a three parameter logistic functionfor competition binding in Prism v 5.0 to determine IC₅₀ values, whichare converted to K, according to the Cheng-Prusoff equation.

Example 8. Specific Piperazine and Benzazepine N-Derivatives

(±)-(8-(4-Methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-1,5-methanobenzo-[c]azepin-2-yl)(pyridin-2-yl)methanone(TH-1-127). Isobutyl chloroformate (16 mg, 0.015 mL, 0.117 mmol) andN-methylmorpholine (12 mg, 0.013 mL, 0.122 mmol) were added sequentiallyto a stirred solution of picolinic acid (19 mg, 0.117 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1mL) at −20° C. The solution was stirred for 1 h, whereupon a solution of(±)-8-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,5-methanobenzo[c]azepine(15 mg, 0.058 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) was added. The cooling bath wasremoved, and stirring was continued for 2 h. NH₄OH (1 mL) was added, andthe layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂(3×10 mL), and the combined organic extracts were washed with water(1×10 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo.

The residue was purified via flash column chromatography (SiO₂), elutingwith a MeOH/triethylamine/Et₂O (2:3:95) mixture, to afford 20 mg (83%)of (±)-TH-1-127 as a clear oil: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, as a mixture ofrotamers) δ 8.69 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 0.45H), 8.54 (d=4.1 Hz, 0.55H), 7.84 (td,J=7.5, 1.4 Hz, 0.45H), 7.74 (td, J=7.5, 1.3 Hz, 0.55H), 7.66 (d, J=7.5Hz, 0.45H), 7.54 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 0.55H), 7.40-7.33 (m, 0.45H), 7.32-7.26(m, 0.55H), 7.16-7.10 (m, 1H), 7.06 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 0.55H), 6.87-6.79(comp, 1.45H), 5.95 (d, J=3.8 Hz, 0.55H), 5.10 (d, J=3.8 Hz, 0.45H),4.32 (dd, J=13.7, 6.2 Hz, 0.45H), 3.54 (dd, J=13.7, 5.8 Hz, 0.55H),3.31-3.12 (comp, 5H), 2.74 (td, J=13.0, 4.8 Hz, 0.55H), 2.66-2.53 (comp,4H), 2.46 (td, J=13.4, 5.2 Hz, 0.45H), 2.39-2.26 (comp, 4H), 2.18-1.89(comp, 3H), 1.76-1.66 (m, 0.45H), 1.52-1.43 (m, 0.55H); ¹³C NMR (125MHz, CDCl₃, as a mixture of rotamers) δ 167.3, 167.2, 155.1, 154.8,151.2, 151.2, 148.8, 148.6, 141.8, 141.6, 138.2, 138.0, 137.2, 137.0,124.4, 124.3, 123.8, 123.5, 123.3, 123.1, 116.6, 116.1, 113.0, 112.5,61.0, 56.1, 55.3, 55.3, 49.8, 49.7, 46.2, 46.2, 44.4, 44.4, 42.2, 39.5,39.3, 37.4, 31.5, 30.6; IR (neat) 2937, 2798, 1622, 1418, 1239 cm⁻¹;HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C₂₂H₂₆N₄O (M+H)⁺, 363.2179; found 363.2179.

(±)-Cyclohexyl(8-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-1,5-methanobenzo[c]azepin-2-yl)methanone(TH-1-106). Cyclohexanoyl chloride (22 mg, 20 μL, 0.222 mmol) was addedto a stirred solution of(±)-8-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,5-methanobenzo[c]azepine(20 mg, 0.08 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (29 mg, 40 μL, 0.222 mmol)in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) at 0° C. NH₄OH (1 mL) was added, and the layers wereseparated. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×10 mL), andthe combined organic extracts were washed with water (1×10 mL), dried(Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo. Purification via FCC, eluting withtriethylamine/Et₂O (2% v/v), afforded 23 mg (84%) of (±)-TH-1-106 as acolorless foam: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, as a mixture of rotamers) δ 7.10(d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 0.66H), 6.85-6.78 (comp, 1.34H),5.89 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 0.66H), 5.06 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 0.33H), 4.26 (dd, J=13.3,6.3 Hz, 0.33H), 3.54 (dd, J=13.0, 6.1 Hz, 0.66H), 3.27-2.99 (comp, 5H),2.71-2.54 (comp, 5H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.34-2.11 (comp, 2H), 1.97-1.87 (m,1H), 1.87-1.11 (comp, 12H); HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C₂₃H₃₃N₃O (M+H)⁺,368.2696; found 368.2697.

(±)-Benzyl-8-(4-propylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-1,5-methanobenzo[c]azepine-2-carboxylate(TH-2-41; DKR-1516). Propionaldehyde (7 mg, 8.6 μL, 0.12 mmol) was addedto a stirred mixture of sodium triacetoxyborohydride (8.5 mg, 0.12 mmol)and(±)-benzyl-8-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-1,5-methanobenzo-[c]azepine-2-carboxylate(15 mg, 0.04 mmol) in 1,2-DCE (1 mL) at room temperature. The mixturewas stirred for 3 h and then 1 M NaOH (2 mL) was added, stirred briefly,and the mixture poured into brine (5 mL). The mixture was extracted withEt₂O (3×10 mL), and the combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO₄),and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified viapreparative TLC to afford 9.2 mg (55%) of (±)-DKR-1516 as a clear oil:¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, as a mixture of rotamers) δ 7.47-7.26 (comp,5H), 7.10 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (brs, 0.5H), 6.85-6.77 (comp, 1.5H),5.45 (brs, 0.5H), 5.34 (brs, 0.5H), 5.27-5.03 (comp, 2H), 3.88-3.70 (m,1H), 3.27-3.09 (comp, 5H), 2.67-2.56 (m, 4H), 2.52-2.34 (m, 1H), 2.37(t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.24 (m, 1H), 2.02-1.87 (m, 1H), 1.84 (d, J=10.5 Hz,1H), 1.62-1.47 (m, 1H), 1.56 (sex, 7.5 Hz, 2H), 0.93 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H);¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, as a mixture of rotamers) δ 155.1, 154.8,151.1, 142.1, 141.8, 137.5, 137.2, 136.9, 128.5, 127.9, 127.8, 123.1,123.0, 116.0, 115.7, 112.4, 112.1, 66.9, 60.7, 58.0, 57.7, 53.3, 49.6,43.8, 39.0, 38.7, 30.5, 20.0, 12.0; IR (neat): 2936, 1696, 1417, 1237cm⁻¹; HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C₂₆H₃₃N₃O₂ (M+H)⁺, 420.2646; found420.2643.

(±)-Benzyl-8-(4-cyclopentylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-1,5-methanobenzo[c]azepine-2-carboxylate(TH-4-65). Cyclopentanone (20 mg, 21 μL, 0.237 mmol) was added to astirred mixture of sodium triacetoxyborohydride (34 mg, 0.159 mmol) and(±)-benzyl-8-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-1,5-methanobenzo-[c]azepine-2-carboxylate(30 mg, 0.079 mmol) in 1,2-DCE (1 mL) at room temperature. The mixturewas stirred for 3 h, whereupon 1 M NaOH (2 mL) was added and the mixturepoured into brine (5 mL). The mixture was extracted with Et₂O (3×10 mL),and the combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO₄) and concentratedunder reduced pressure. The residue was purified via flash columnchromatography (SiO₂), eluting with MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ (1% to 2% v/v), toafford 33 mg (94%) of (±)-TH-4-65 as a clear oil: ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃, as a mixture of rotamers) δ 7.44-7.26 (comp, 5H), 7.10 (d, J=8.2Hz, 1H), 6.97 (brs, 0.55H), 6.82-6.77 (comp, 1.45H), 5.44 (d, J=2.7 Hz,0.55H), 5.33 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 0.45H), 5.26-5.03 (comp, 2H), 3.86-3.70 (m,1H), 3.24-3.12 (comp, 5H), 2.68 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 4H), 2.61-2.35 (comp, 2H),2.25-2.10 (m, 1H), 2.01-1.40 (comp, 11H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, as amixture of rotamers) δ 155.2, 151.1, 142.2, 142.0, 137.7, 137.3, 137.0,128.6, 128.0, 127.9, 123.2, 123.1, 116.1, 115.8, 112.6, 112.3, 67.7,67.0, 58.1, 57.8, 52.5, 49.7, 43.9, 39.1, 38.8, 30.6, 30.5, 24.3; IR(neat): 2953, 1696, 1417, 1238 cm⁻¹; HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C₂₈H₃₅N₃O₂(M+H)⁺, 446.2802; found 446.2808.

Example 9. Sigma Receptor Binding

(±)-TH-1-127: sigma 1 receptor K_(1i)<50 inhibition of radioligandbinding at 10 uM; sigma 2 receptor K_(1i)<50 inhibition of radioligandbinding at 10 uM

(±)-TH-1-106: sigma 1 receptor K_(1i) 1417 nM; sigma 2 receptor K, 144nM

(±)-DKR-1516: sigma 1 receptor K_(1i) 237.5 nM; sigma 2 receptor K, 4.0nM

DKR-1516 (S,R): sigma 1 receptor K_(1i) 251 nM; sigma 2 receptor K_(1i)2.7 nM

DKR-1516 (R,S): sigma 1 receptor K_(1i) 250 nM; sigma 2 receptor K_(1i)20 nM

(±)-TH-4-65: sigma 1 receptor K_(1i) 126.5 nM; sigma 2 receptor K, 2.3nM

TH-4-65 (S,R): sigma 1 receptor K_(i) 61 nM; sigma 2 receptor K, 2.5 nM

TH-4-65 (R,S): sigma 1 receptor K_(i) 152 nM; sigma 2 receptor K, 4.2 nM

(±)-SAS-0132 (formerly SAS-101, JJ-1-166): sigma 1 receptor K, 497 nM;sigma 2 receptor K_(i) 71 nM

Example 10. Compound Binding to Neuroreceptors

Diverse classes of heterocyclic compounds, including as shown in FIG. 1,were screened in the NIHMH Psychoactive Drug Screening Program forbinding and functional activity at cloned human or rodent receptors,GPCRs, channels, and transporters. Identification of a number thatexhibited high potency and selectivity for a number of receptors andsubtypes, including serotonin, dopamine, sigma, histamine,norepinephrine transporter, muscarinic, opioid, and benzodiazepine, wasconducted. Further synthesis and screening of compounds having thegeneral structure of FIG. 2 was subsequently done.

Example 11. Screening Compounds for CNS Activity Using C. elegans

Compounds were screened and/or assayed in WT C. elegans and/or mutant(SC_APP) C. elegans, including to evaluate extent ofneurodegeneration/neuroprotection associated with compounds. MutantSC_APP strain includes cholinergic neurons (VC4 and VC5) labeled withgreen fluorescent protein, copy of human amyloid precursor protein (APP)to form hAPP, and exhibits age-related, AD-like neurodegeneration(scission of cholinergic neurons).

Example 12. Sig2R/PGRMC1 Modulators for Improving Cognition

Assays were conducted with transgenic mice overexpressing human APP751and contain London (V717I) and Swedish (K670M/N671L) mutations, which isan industry-accepted model that exhibits AD behavioral phenotypesobserved in humans. Characterization of how administering Sig2R/PGRMC1modulator to transgenic Thy-1 hAPPLond/Swe+ (APP) mice affectscognition, using compound that is potent and selective for Sig2R/PGRMC1(PGRMC1/Sig2R Ki=71 nM; Sig1R Ki=495 nM), nontoxic (MTD>100 mg/kg/d for30 d), highly brain penetrant (ca 4 μM level in brain with single 10mg/kg sc injection), bioavailable (45% SC; 7% PO) with plasma levels of350 ng/mL (60 min) and 200 ng/mL (3 h), weak hERG binder (20 μM), andweak binder at opiod, serotonin, DAT, NET, SERT, and other CNS targets.Assays include Y-Maze behavioral test (FIG. 4) showing Sig2R/PGRMC1modulator (e.g., antagonist, partial agonist, agonist) enhancesreference and working memory in WT and transgenic APP mice, sociabilityand social discrimination tests (FIG. 5) showing Sig2R/PGRMC1 modulator(e.g., antagonist, partial agonist, agonist) rescues social deficits inWT and transgenic APP mice, and Morris water maze test (FIG. 6 and FIG.7) showing Sig2R/PGRMC1 modulator (e.g., antagonist, partial agonist,agonist) enhances spatial and long term memory in WT and transgenicmice. Acute hippocampal brain slices were used to assay effects ofSig2R/PGRMC1 modulators (e.g., antagonists, partial agonists, agonists)on excitability (FIG. 8) showing that Sig2R/PGRMC1 modulator (e.g.,antagonist, partial agonist, agonist) reduces number of actionpotentials fired and prevents mGluR-mediated increase in excitability.

Example 13. Charaterization of SAS-0132 Compound

Characterization of SAS-101 shows that Sig2R/PGRMC1 modulators (e.g.,antagonists, partial agonists, agonists) are neuroprotective andpotential therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease, Sig2R/PGRMC1 modulators(e.g., antagonists, partial agonists, agonists) tested rescuessociability, social discrimination, spatial, cued, working, andlong-term memory deficits in WT and transgenic APP mice at doses as lowas of 3 mg/kg (sc), and display no toxic effects after 10 mg/kg/d for 2mo; more than 20 chemical blood plasma markers and histopathology ofvital organs (heart, lung, spleen, kidneys, and liver); no adverseaffects upon body weight or locomotor activity in mice.

Example 14. Receptor Binding Assays

Receptor binding assays were performed by the Psychoactive DrugScreening Program (PDSP) at Chapel Hill, N.C. The assay protocol bookcan be accessed free of charge at: website pdsp.med.unc.edu/PDSP%20Protocols %20II %202013-03-28.pdf, which is incorporated by referencein it's entirety for all purposes. Briefly, Sig1Rs and Sig2Rs weresourced from homogenates of Guinea pig brains and rat livers,respectively. Assessment of Sig1R binding affinity was determined viacompetition binding assays with the radioligand [3H]-(+)-pentazocine.Sig2R binding affinity was determined through competition binding assaysusing the radioligand [3H]-ditolylguanidine in the presence of(+)-pentazocine to block Sig1R binding sites. For primary bindingresults, non-specific binding in the presence of 10 mM is set as 100%inhibition; total binding in the absence of haloperidol is set to 0%inhibition. The radioactivity in the presence of the test compound iscalculated with the following equation and expressed as a percentinhibition: % inhibition=(sample CPM non−specific CPM)/TotalCPM−non-specific CPM)×100. The normalization process is carried out inPrism or Excel. To determine secondary binding results, CPM/well arepooled and fitted to a three parameter logistic function for competitionbinding in Prism v 5.0 to determine IC50 values, which are converted toKi according to the Cheng-Prusoff equation.

It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein arefor illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changesin light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and areto be included within the spirit and purview of this application andscope of the appended claims. All publications, patents, and patentapplications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety for all purposes.

1. A compound having the formula:

Ring A is cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; L¹ is abond or unsubstituted alkylene; L² is a bond, —SO₂—, —C(O)NH—, —NHC(O)—,—C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —SO₂CH₂—, —C(O)NHCH₂—, —NHC(O)CH₂—, —C(O)OCH₂—,—OC(O)CH₂—, or unsubstituted alkylene; R¹ is a hydrogen, halogen, —CX¹₃, —CHX¹ ₂, —CH₂X¹, —CN, —NR⁷R⁸, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)NR⁷R⁸, —OC(O)OR⁹, —OC(O)NR⁷R⁸, —OC(O)R⁹, —C(S)R⁹, —C(S)OR⁹, —C(S)NR⁷R⁸, —SR¹⁰,—OC(S)OR⁹, —OC(S)NR⁷R⁸, —OC(S)R⁹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R² isindependently a halogen, —CX² ₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂,—SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂,—NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCX² ₃, —OCHX² ₂, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl; two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atomsmay optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁷,R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ are independently hydrogen, halogen, —CX₃, —CN, —OH,—NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂,—ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,—NHOH, —OCX₃, —OCHX₂, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁷ andR⁸ substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally bejoined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl orsubstituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; z is an integer from 0 to 5;and X, X^(i), and X² are independently —Cl, —Br, —I, or —F.
 2. Thecompound of claim 1, wherein the compound has the formula:

Ring A is C5-C6 cycloalkyl, 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or5 to 6 membered heteroaryl; L¹ is a bond or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀alkylene; L² is a bond, —SO₂—, —C(O)NH—, —NHC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—,—SO₂CH₂—, —C(O)NHCH₂—, —NHC(O)CH₂—, —C(O)OCH₂—, —OC(O)CH₂—, orunsubstituted C1-C3 alkylene; R¹ is a hydrogen, halogen, —CX¹ ₃, —CHX¹₂, —CH₂X¹, —CN, —NR⁷R⁸, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)NR⁷R⁸, —OC(O) OR⁹,—OC(O)NR⁷R⁸, —OC(O)R⁹, —C(S)R⁹, —C(S)OR⁹, —C(S)NR⁷R⁸, —SR¹⁰, —OC(S)OR⁹,—OC(S)NR⁷R⁸, —OC(S)R⁹, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C8 alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C3-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl; R² isindependently a halogen, —CX² ₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂,—SH, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂,—NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCX² ₃, —OCHX² ₂, substituted orunsubstituted C1-C8 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 memberedheteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 memberedheteroaryl; two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms may optionallybe joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5to 6 membered heteroaryl; R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ are independentlyhydrogen, halogen, —CX₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH,—SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCX₃, —OCHX₂, substitutedor unsubstituted C1-C8 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8membered heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C₈ cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5to 6 membered heteroaryl; R⁷ and R⁸ substituents bonded to the samenitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted orunsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl or substituted orunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl; z is an integer from 0 to 5;and X, X^(i), and X² are independently —Cl, —Br, —I, or —F.
 3. Thecompound of claim 1, wherein the compound has the formula:


4. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has the formula:

5.-6. (canceled)
 7. The compound of claim 3, wherein the compound is not


8. The compound of claim 3, wherein the compound is not


9. The compound of claim 7, wherein Ring A is phenyl.
 10. The compoundof claim 7, wherein R² is independently F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CX² ₃, —CN,—OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —OCX² ₃, —OCHX² ₂, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃,—OCH(CH₃)₂, unsubstituted methyl, unsubstituted ethyl, unsubstitutedisopropyl, or two R² substituents bonded to adjacent atoms are joined toform an unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl or unsubstituted5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. 11.-13. (canceled)
 14. The compound of claim7, wherein L² is —C(O)OCH₂—.
 15. The compound of claim 7, wherein L¹ isa bond; and R¹ is —OR¹, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C3-C₈ cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted 4 to 6membered heterocycloalkyl; and R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen,substituted or unsubstituted C1-C8 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2to 8 membered heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C₈cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 memberedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted orunsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.
 16. The compound of claim 7,wherein L¹ is an unsubstituted C1-C3 alkylene; and R¹ is hydrogen,halogen, —CX¹ ₃, —CHX¹ ₂, —CH₂X¹, —CN, —NR⁷R⁸, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)OR⁹,—C(O)NR⁷R⁸, —OR¹⁰, —OC(O)NR⁷R⁸, —C(S)NR⁷R⁸, —SR¹⁰, substituted orunsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 4 memberedheteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted 4 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl.
 17. Thecompound of claim 7, wherein L¹ is an unsubstituted C1-C3 alkylene; andR¹ is substituted or unsubstituted branched C3-C5 alkyl or substitutedor unsubstituted 3 to 5 membered branched heteroalkyl.
 18. (canceled)19. The compound of claim 7, wherein L¹ is a bond; and R¹ is —CH₂CH₂OH,—CH₂CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂OCH₃, or —CH₂CH₂CH₂OCH₃.
 20. The compound of claim7, wherein R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ are independently hydrogen, halogen,—CX₃, —CN, —COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 5 membered heteroalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C3-C₈ cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 4 to 6membered heterocycloalkyl.
 21. The compound of claim 1 having theformula:

22.-29. (canceled)
 30. A pharmaceutical composition comprising apharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound of claim 7, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 31. A method of treatingcancer, improving cognition, treating a neurodegenerative disease,treating drug abuse, treating anxiety, treating depression, treatingschizophrenia, treating epilepsy, treating migraine, treatingneuropathic pain, treating amnesia, treating traumatic brain injury,treating inflammatory pain, treating stroke, treating a cardiovasculardisease, treating multiple sclerosis, or treating retinal degenerativediseases in a subject in need thereof, the method comprisingadministering an effective amount of a compound of claim
 7. 32.-33.(canceled)
 34. The method of claim 31, wherein the neurodegenerativedisease is Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington'sdisease, progressive supranuclear palsy, frontotemporal dementia, oramyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
 35. (canceled)
 36. A method of claim 31,wherein the drug is ethanol, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine,methamphetamine, an opiate, or an opioid. 37.-46. (canceled)
 47. Amethod of modulating a sigma 2 receptor or progesterone receptormembrane component 1, the method comprising contacting a sigma 2receptor with a compound of claim 1, thereby modulating said sigma 2receptor or progesterone receptor membrane component
 1. 48.-58.(canceled)